Anatomy-Chapter 15
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| The upper respiratory tract consists of | the air passages of the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea
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| The lower respiratory tract consists of | the lower trachea and the lungs themselves, which include the bronchial tubes
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| The nasal cavities are separated by the | nasal septum
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| The nasal mucosa lining is | ciliated epithelium
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| Conchae | Three shelf-like or scroll-like bones that project from the lateral wall of each nasal cavity
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| In the upper nasal cavities are the | olfactory receptors
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| Paranasal sinuses | air cavities in the maxillae, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
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| The paranasal sinuses are lined with | ciliated epithelium
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| The pharynx | a muscular tube posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and anterior to the cervical vertebrae
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| Soft palate | is elevated during swallowing to block the nasopharynx
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| Laryngopharynx | open anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus
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| Larynx | Most often called the voice box
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| The largest cartilage of the larynx is the | thyroid cartilage
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| Epiglottis | the uppermost cartilage of the larynx
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| The vocal cords are on either side of the | glottis, which is between them
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| Trachea | is about 4 to 5 inches long and extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi; it is anterior to the esophagus.
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| The right and left primary bronchi are | the branches of the trachea that enters the lungs
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| The further branching of the bronchial tubes is often called the | bronchial tree
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| The smaller branches of the bronchial tree are called | bronchioles
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| No ______ is present in the walls of the bronchioles | cartilage
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| The smallest bronchioles terminate in clusters of _______, the air sacs of the lungs | alveoli
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| The lungs are located | on either side of the heart in the chest cavity and are encircled and protected by the rib cage
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| Hilus | Where the primary bronchus and the pulmonary artery and veins enter the lung
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| The parietal pleura lines the | chest wall
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| The visceral pleura is | on the surface of the lungs
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| The functional units of the lungs are the air sacs called | alveoli
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| Pulmonary surfactant | a lipoprotein secreted by alveolar type II cells
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| Lipoprotein | mixed with the tissue fluid within the alveoli and decreases its surface tension, permitting inflation of the alveoli
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| Ventilation | the term for the movement of air to and from the alveoli
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| Diaphragm | a dome-shaped muscle below the lungs
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| External intercostal muscles | pull the ribs upward and outward
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| Internal intercostal muscles | pull the ribs downward and inward
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| Atmospheric pressure | the pressure of the air around us
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| Intrapleural pressure | the pressure with the potential pleural space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura
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| Intrapulmonic pressure | The pressure with the bronchial tree and alveoli
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| Inspiration | inhalation
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| Expiration | exhalation
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| Tidal volume | the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation and exhalation
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| Minute respiratory volume | The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute
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| Inspiratory reserve | The amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be taken in with the deepest possible inhalation
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| Expiratory reserve | the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be expelled with the most forceful exhalation
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| Vital capacity | the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve
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| Residual air (volume) | the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation; the average range is 1000 to 1500 mL
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| Alveolar ventilation | the amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange
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| Anatomic dead space | The air still within the respiratory passages
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| Physiological dead space | volume of non-functioning alveoli that decrease gas exchange
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| Compliance | normal expansibility
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| External respiration | the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
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| Internal respiration | the exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid (cells) of the body
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| Partial pressure | the pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases
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| Most oxygen is carried in the blood bonded to the | hemoglobin in red blood cells
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| The mineral _______ is part of hemoglobin and gives this protein its oxygen-carrying ability | iron
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| The respiratory centers are located in the | medulla and pons
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| Within the medulla are the | inspiration center and expiration center
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| The inspiration center | automatically generates impulses in rhythmic spurts
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| The inspiration center activates | expiration center
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| The expiration center | generates impulses to the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
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| The apneustic center | prolongs inhalation
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| The pneumotaxic center | interrupts the apneustic center and contributes to exhalation
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| Impulses from the ________ modify the output from the medulla | hypothalamus
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| The _____ ______ enable us to voluntarily change our breathing rate or rhythm. | cerebral cortex
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| Chemoreceptors | detect changes in blood gases and pH.
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| Chemoreceptors are located in | carotid and aortic bodies
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| Hypercania | excess CO2
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| Respiratory acidosis | When the rate or efficiency of respiration decreases, permitting carbon dioxide to accumulate in body fluids.
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| Respiratory alkalosis | When the rate of respiration increases, and CO2 is very rapidly exhaled
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| Metabolic acidosis may be caused by | untreated diabetes mellitus, kidney, disease, or severe diarrhea
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| Metabolic alkalosis may be caused | ingestion of excessive amounts of alkaline medications such as those used to relieve gastric disturbances
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