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Anatomy-Chapter 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The upper respiratory tract consists of | the air passages of the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea |
| The lower respiratory tract consists of | the lower trachea and the lungs themselves, which include the bronchial tubes |
| The nasal cavities are separated by the | nasal septum |
| The nasal mucosa lining is | ciliated epithelium |
| Conchae | Three shelf-like or scroll-like bones that project from the lateral wall of each nasal cavity |
| In the upper nasal cavities are the | olfactory receptors |
| Paranasal sinuses | air cavities in the maxillae, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones |
| The paranasal sinuses are lined with | ciliated epithelium |
| The pharynx | a muscular tube posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and anterior to the cervical vertebrae |
| Soft palate | is elevated during swallowing to block the nasopharynx |
| Laryngopharynx | open anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus |
| Larynx | Most often called the voice box |
| The largest cartilage of the larynx is the | thyroid cartilage |
| Epiglottis | the uppermost cartilage of the larynx |
| The vocal cords are on either side of the | glottis, which is between them |
| Trachea | is about 4 to 5 inches long and extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi; it is anterior to the esophagus. |
| The right and left primary bronchi are | the branches of the trachea that enters the lungs |
| The further branching of the bronchial tubes is often called the | bronchial tree |
| The smaller branches of the bronchial tree are called | bronchioles |
| No ______ is present in the walls of the bronchioles | cartilage |
| The smallest bronchioles terminate in clusters of _______, the air sacs of the lungs | alveoli |
| The lungs are located | on either side of the heart in the chest cavity and are encircled and protected by the rib cage |
| Hilus | Where the primary bronchus and the pulmonary artery and veins enter the lung |
| The parietal pleura lines the | chest wall |
| The visceral pleura is | on the surface of the lungs |
| The functional units of the lungs are the air sacs called | alveoli |
| Pulmonary surfactant | a lipoprotein secreted by alveolar type II cells |
| Lipoprotein | mixed with the tissue fluid within the alveoli and decreases its surface tension, permitting inflation of the alveoli |
| Ventilation | the term for the movement of air to and from the alveoli |
| Diaphragm | a dome-shaped muscle below the lungs |
| External intercostal muscles | pull the ribs upward and outward |
| Internal intercostal muscles | pull the ribs downward and inward |
| Atmospheric pressure | the pressure of the air around us |
| Intrapleural pressure | the pressure with the potential pleural space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura |
| Intrapulmonic pressure | The pressure with the bronchial tree and alveoli |
| Inspiration | inhalation |
| Expiration | exhalation |
| Tidal volume | the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation and exhalation |
| Minute respiratory volume | The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute |
| Inspiratory reserve | The amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be taken in with the deepest possible inhalation |
| Expiratory reserve | the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be expelled with the most forceful exhalation |
| Vital capacity | the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve |
| Residual air (volume) | the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation; the average range is 1000 to 1500 mL |
| Alveolar ventilation | the amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange |
| Anatomic dead space | The air still within the respiratory passages |
| Physiological dead space | volume of non-functioning alveoli that decrease gas exchange |
| Compliance | normal expansibility |
| External respiration | the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries |
| Internal respiration | the exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid (cells) of the body |
| Partial pressure | the pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases |
| Most oxygen is carried in the blood bonded to the | hemoglobin in red blood cells |
| The mineral _______ is part of hemoglobin and gives this protein its oxygen-carrying ability | iron |
| The respiratory centers are located in the | medulla and pons |
| Within the medulla are the | inspiration center and expiration center |
| The inspiration center | automatically generates impulses in rhythmic spurts |
| The inspiration center activates | expiration center |
| The expiration center | generates impulses to the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles |
| The apneustic center | prolongs inhalation |
| The pneumotaxic center | interrupts the apneustic center and contributes to exhalation |
| Impulses from the ________ modify the output from the medulla | hypothalamus |
| The _____ ______ enable us to voluntarily change our breathing rate or rhythm. | cerebral cortex |
| Chemoreceptors | detect changes in blood gases and pH. |
| Chemoreceptors are located in | carotid and aortic bodies |
| Hypercania | excess CO2 |
| Respiratory acidosis | When the rate or efficiency of respiration decreases, permitting carbon dioxide to accumulate in body fluids. |
| Respiratory alkalosis | When the rate of respiration increases, and CO2 is very rapidly exhaled |
| Metabolic acidosis may be caused by | untreated diabetes mellitus, kidney, disease, or severe diarrhea |
| Metabolic alkalosis may be caused | ingestion of excessive amounts of alkaline medications such as those used to relieve gastric disturbances |
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akikoandpoog
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