skeleton II - 2/22 quiz LAB
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| vertebral column contains | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 2 coccygeal vertebra
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| spinous (dorsal) process | wedge-shaped structure that extends posteriorly from the vertebra. Can be felt as a bump when running fingers down spinal column
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| lamina | bony plates, which fuse together
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| spina bifida | failure of lamina to fuse, which spinal cord exposed and can lead to spinal cord damage
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| transverse processes | extend laterally from either side of vertebra. Serve as muscle attachments, and rib attachments in thoracic region.
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| body | Most anterior portion. solid round or oval structure lies on the anterior aspect of vertebra
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| intervertebral discs | flat, cartilaginous discs placed between the vertebral bodies to cushion and reduce injury. Central portion is filled with paste-like material.
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| pedicles | attach to transverse processes to the body of the vertebra
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| vertebral foramen | central hole in vertebra
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| vertebral canal | spinal cord tunnels through the foramen spaces
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| superior & inferior articular processes | inferior articular process on one vertebra forms a joint (articulation) with superior articular process of the next vertebra in line
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| cervical vertebra contains (4) | transverse foramen, atlas, axis, dens (odontoid process)
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| cervical transverse foramen | 2 tunnels for important blood vessels to the brain
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| atlas | fist of the cervical vertebra lacks body. Very flat & forms articulation with occipital condyles, allowing the head to move up and down (Yes)
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| dens (odontoid process) | modified body. part of second cervical vertebra that extends into the atlas, creating a pivot joint that allows the head to rotate side to side (no)
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| axis | second cervical vertebra with a modified body called the dens (odontoid process), that extends into the atlas, creating a pivot joint that allows the head to rotate side to side (no)
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| thoracic vertebra | has an additional set of articular surfaces, rib facets, located at the transverse processes
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| rib facets | located on transverse processes of thoracic vertebra. Form a joint with posterior portion of the ribs.
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| lumbar vertebra | largest vertebra of spinal column. Big, have a single hole, lack rib facets
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| sacral vertebra | five sacral vertebra fuse together during development to form a single, solid unit, the sacrum, forming the posterior wall of the pelvis
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| sacrum | solid unit forms the posterior wall of pelvis.
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| coccygeal vertebra | 2 additional vertebra at the end of spinal column. Typically fused together, called the tailbone
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| thorax | composed of ribs and sternum
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| sternum | aka breastbone, lies medially in anterior thorax.
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| sternum body | main portion of sternum, serves as attachment for ribs at the front of the thorax.
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| manubrium | superior to sternum body. a triangular bone segment to which claviclesand first pair of ribs attach.
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| xiphoid process | cartilaginous part of the inferior end of the sternum
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| ribs | 24 thin , curved bones, arranged in pairs, that attach to the vertebra posteriorly and the sternum anteriorly.
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| costal cartilages | serve as connectors between ribs and sternum. More flexible and allow thorax to exapnd and contract for breathing.
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| true ribs | first 7 pairs of ribs have individual costal cartilages that attach the rib to the sternum
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| false ribs | remaining 5 pairs of ribs with a more indirect connection to sternum. First 3 pairs use shared costal cartilages, while final two floating ribs have no connection
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| floating ribs | final 2 flase ribs have no connection to the sternum at all.
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| appendicular skeleton | upper appendages of the skeleton including shoulder girdle and arms.
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| scapula (4) | large, flat, triangular bone located on the back of shoulder area on each side of body. Articulates with several bones in shoulder region. Has glenoid fossa, scapular spine, acromion process, caracoid process
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| glenoid fossa | oval depression on lateral side of scapula. Forms the "socket" part of the ball-and-socket joint of shoulder and articulates with humerus of upper arm
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| scapular spine | cutting diagonally across posterior scapula. Can be felt as a ridge on the superior, posterior shoulder region
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| acromion process | large, lateral extension of the scapular spine. Articulates with clavicle. Can be felt as a firm bump superior to the shoulder joint
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| coracoid process | smaller projection which lies just inferior to acromion process on the scapula. Serves as attachment point for certain muscles of the shoulder
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| clavicle | aka collar bone. Articulates with both acromion process(scapua) and manubrium (sternum). Felt as firm ridge across anterior shoulder
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| humerus (7) | upper arm bone. articulates with scapula & radius and ulna. Head, greater tubercle, capitulum (condyle), trochlea (condyle), medial & lateral epicondyle,olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa
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| head of humerous | large, rounded knob at superior end. "ball" of ball-and-socket shoulder joint and articulates with glenoid fossa (scapula)
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| greater tubercle | lateral to head of humerus. Large bump, important muscle attachment site, can be felt just inferiorly and slightly lateral to acromion process
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| capitulum | distal, lateral, rounded condyle, that articulates with radius.
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| trochlea | distal, medial side of humerus. Articulates with ulna. Shaped like pulley or spool and extends more distally than capitulum
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| medial & lateral epicondyle | just proximal to condyles large bumps can be felt on either side of humerus. Medial (more pronounced) is near trochlea, lateral near capitulum.
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| olecranon fossa | small depression posterior aspect of distal humerus. Makes space for proximal portion of ulna during elbow movement
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| coronoid fossa | smaller depression anterior aspect of distal humerus, creating space for another portion of ulna during movement.
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| ulna(4) | medial bone of lower arm, extending from elbow to little finger side of the hand. trochlear (semilunar) notch, olecranon process, coronoid process, styloid process of the ulna
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| trochlear (semilunar) notch | forms hinged-type joint with trochlea of humerus, allowing lower arm to move up and down. Trochlea fits neatly into this crecent shaped structure.
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| olecranon process | aka elbow. large bump posterior to trochlear notch
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| coronoid process | smaller projection at distal end of trochlear notch
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| styloid process of ulna | pointed projection at most distal end of ulna. felt as a bump on the posterior, medial wrist
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| radius (3) | lateral bone of lower arm, extending from elbow to thumb side. head, radial tuberosity, styloid process of radius
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| head of radius | forms pivot joint with capitulum of humerus, allowing hand turn over to the other side
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| radial tuberosity | small bump inferior to head of radius. serves as important muscle attachment
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| styloid process of radius | pointed projection at distal end of radius. felt as bump on lateral side of wrist
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| carpal bones | wrist: 8 bones held together with strong, broad ligaments that wrap around the wrist. slide across each other during movement.
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| metacarpal bones | hand: 5 bones
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| phalanges | Fingers: attached to each metacarpal bones. knuckles represent articulations between phalanges. Each finger has 3, thumb has 2
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| transverse foramen | atlas, axis (dens), cervical
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| rib facet | thoracic
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