Thoughts and history of evolution
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| What were Aristotle's early ideas about life on Earth? | Aristotle believed species were fixed creations arranged by their complexity
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| How long did these ideas last? | 2000 years
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| What was Linnaues first do do? | 1st to group similar organisms and assign them latin names
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| What language is used for scientific naming? | Latin
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| What are the two words called in a scientific name? | Genus+specie
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| This naming system is known as? | binomial nomendature
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| Charles Lyell | Uniformitarianism (geological process, still changing Earth)
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| George Cuvier | species extinction (catastrophism)
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| Thomas Malthus | struggle for existence (resources)
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| James Hutton | Gradualism
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| Lamarck | Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics and Law of Use and Disuse
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| Wallace | Organisms evolved from common ancestors
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| Which was published first - the Origin of Species by Darwin or Gregor Mendel's papers on inheritance? | Origin of Species
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| What was the name of George Cuvier's theory on evolution? | catastrophism
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| What did Cuvier study in Paris and what did he find? | Studied fossil in sedimentary rock
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| What did Cuvier decide was responsible for the disappearance of some species? | Found that catastrophes
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| James ________ was a Scottish ________ who studied fossils of __________- in the Paris Museum | hutton, geologist, inveterate
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| Hutton;s ideas were known as_________ | gradualism
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| Briefly state Hutton's idea on geological change. | Geological forces that have changed life on Earth over millions of years
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| Lyell proposed the theory of_________ | Uniformitarianism
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| Describe uniformitarianism | Geological processes at uniform rates building and wearing down the Earth's crust
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| How old did Lyell propse that Earth was? | millions of years
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| How did reading Lyell's book help Darwin on his voyage on the Beagle? | Principles of Geology explains geological process that shaped the Earth
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| Lamarck was one of the first scientists to understand that change occurs over__________ | time
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| Lamarck believed that changes were adaptations to the _________ that organisms _____ in their lifetime and that he thought could be passed on to ___________ | environment, changes, offspring
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| Explain Lamarck's idea of the Law of Use and Disuse. | If a body part were used, it got stronger over time and if it is not used it deteriorates
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| Lamarck's theory of acquiring or losing traits by using or not using them led to his theory of evolution called the _____of_____ ______ | inheritance of acquired characteristics
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| According to this theory new _____ could arise over time. | species
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| According to Lamarck. if a blacksmith built up his muscles then he would have what type of sons? | buff sons
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| According to Lamarck, if a giraffe stretched its neck reaching for leaves, what would its offspring look like? | Long necked giraffe
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| What did Lamarck NOT know that made his theory incorrect? | Tendency toward perfection, traits were inherited ( traits are passed through genes)
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| Are genes changed by life activities? | NO
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| In what year and at what age did Darwin become the naturalist for the ship the HMS Beagle | 1831, 22
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| How long was the Beagle voyage around the world? | 5 years
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| As Darwin sailed around the coast of ______ ______, he collected plants and animals on the mainland and on the islands | South America (flora and fauna)
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| Where are the Galapagos Islands and how were they formed? | Small group of islands 600 miles west of South America, made from volcanic eruptions
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| What did Darwin discover about the animals on each type of island? | very different climates and resembles animals from South America
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| How did the island species of finches and tortoises compare with those on the islands? | Finches on the islands resembled mainland finches, but a lot more type of finches on the island because of the different types of food on the island
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| How did the necks of the tortoises compare with each other? | different lengths depending on their type of food gathering
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| The island finches resembled a finch on the ____ | Mainland
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| Was the available food and habitat the same on all the islands? | more types of food on the islands which creates similar body parts for different uses
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| What was different about the finches and why? | more types for different types of food
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| List three observations Darwin made on his travels that led him to proposes his revolutionary idea about the way life changes over time | Patterns of diversity were shown...unique adaptations in organisms... species not evenly distributed
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| Give an example of uneven distribution of species noted by Darwin. | Australia had kangaroos, but no rabbits
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| Darwin collected both ________ organisms and ________ of organisms | living, trilobites
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| Give 2 examples of fossils collected by Darwin in which the species were no longer in existence. | Trilobites, giant sloth
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| Give a definition for evolution. | Evolution is the slow, gradual change in a population of organisms overtime
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| left unchecked, what did Darwin predict would happen to the number of individuals in a population | Species will increase exponentially, generation after generation
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| In nature, what tends to happen to size of populations over time? | Populations tend to remain stable
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| Competition among member of a population occur due to a limited number of _____ ______ | environmental resources
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| Only a _______ of the offspring produced survive to the next generation | fraction
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| The struggle for environmental resources is commonly called ____ of the fittest. | survival
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| variation in a population is _______ | inheritable
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| Which organisms in a population are most likely to live offspring to pass on their traits? | The individuals who inherit the characteristics must fit for their environment.
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| This process is known as ____ ______ and was proposed by Charles ______ | natural selection... Darwin
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| State Darwin's theory of natural selection | The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in a population with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations.
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| New _____ evolve accordiong to natural selection | Species
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| _______ was an economist in 1798 that influenced Darwin's thinking | Thomas Malthus
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| Malthus observed wheat about the birth rate of babies | Faster than people were dying
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| Malthus knew that population size was limited by what? | Resources
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| According to Malthus, a high birth rate and limited resources caused what to happen? | Force life and death competition
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| List several things that organisms struggle for in the environment. | Food, living space, mates
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| Who'd Mslthus say would happen if the population size continued to grow unchecked? | Insufficent living space and food for everyone
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| The _____ rate should increase to balance the ______ of a population and the limited _______ in the environment | Death, increase
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| Most organisms produce _____ offspring that can survive causing many to _____ | More, die
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| Darwin proposed that organisms descended from what ? | Common ancestors
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| Over time, according to Darwin, organisms _____ their form causing evolution of new ______ | Change, species
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| _______ ________ is the driving force for evolution | Natural selection
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| During the struggle for survivial, which organisms survive to pass on their traits | Strongest survive and reproduce
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| How long after he returned to England did Darwin publish his book about evolution? | 25 years
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| Why did Darwin wait so long to publish his ideas? | Extremely controversial topic, and it challenged established religion and scientific beliefs
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