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History of Evolution
Thoughts and history of evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were Aristotle's early ideas about life on Earth? | Aristotle believed species were fixed creations arranged by their complexity |
| How long did these ideas last? | 2000 years |
| What was Linnaues first do do? | 1st to group similar organisms and assign them latin names |
| What language is used for scientific naming? | Latin |
| What are the two words called in a scientific name? | Genus+specie |
| This naming system is known as? | binomial nomendature |
| Charles Lyell | Uniformitarianism (geological process, still changing Earth) |
| George Cuvier | species extinction (catastrophism) |
| Thomas Malthus | struggle for existence (resources) |
| James Hutton | Gradualism |
| Lamarck | Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics and Law of Use and Disuse |
| Wallace | Organisms evolved from common ancestors |
| Which was published first - the Origin of Species by Darwin or Gregor Mendel's papers on inheritance? | Origin of Species |
| What was the name of George Cuvier's theory on evolution? | catastrophism |
| What did Cuvier study in Paris and what did he find? | Studied fossil in sedimentary rock |
| What did Cuvier decide was responsible for the disappearance of some species? | Found that catastrophes |
| James ________ was a Scottish ________ who studied fossils of __________- in the Paris Museum | hutton, geologist, inveterate |
| Hutton;s ideas were known as_________ | gradualism |
| Briefly state Hutton's idea on geological change. | Geological forces that have changed life on Earth over millions of years |
| Lyell proposed the theory of_________ | Uniformitarianism |
| Describe uniformitarianism | Geological processes at uniform rates building and wearing down the Earth's crust |
| How old did Lyell propse that Earth was? | millions of years |
| How did reading Lyell's book help Darwin on his voyage on the Beagle? | Principles of Geology explains geological process that shaped the Earth |
| Lamarck was one of the first scientists to understand that change occurs over__________ | time |
| Lamarck believed that changes were adaptations to the _________ that organisms _____ in their lifetime and that he thought could be passed on to ___________ | environment, changes, offspring |
| Explain Lamarck's idea of the Law of Use and Disuse. | If a body part were used, it got stronger over time and if it is not used it deteriorates |
| Lamarck's theory of acquiring or losing traits by using or not using them led to his theory of evolution called the _____of_____ ______ | inheritance of acquired characteristics |
| According to this theory new _____ could arise over time. | species |
| According to Lamarck. if a blacksmith built up his muscles then he would have what type of sons? | buff sons |
| According to Lamarck, if a giraffe stretched its neck reaching for leaves, what would its offspring look like? | Long necked giraffe |
| What did Lamarck NOT know that made his theory incorrect? | Tendency toward perfection, traits were inherited ( traits are passed through genes) |
| Are genes changed by life activities? | NO |
| In what year and at what age did Darwin become the naturalist for the ship the HMS Beagle | 1831, 22 |
| How long was the Beagle voyage around the world? | 5 years |
| As Darwin sailed around the coast of ______ ______, he collected plants and animals on the mainland and on the islands | South America (flora and fauna) |
| Where are the Galapagos Islands and how were they formed? | Small group of islands 600 miles west of South America, made from volcanic eruptions |
| What did Darwin discover about the animals on each type of island? | very different climates and resembles animals from South America |
| How did the island species of finches and tortoises compare with those on the islands? | Finches on the islands resembled mainland finches, but a lot more type of finches on the island because of the different types of food on the island |
| How did the necks of the tortoises compare with each other? | different lengths depending on their type of food gathering |
| The island finches resembled a finch on the ____ | Mainland |
| Was the available food and habitat the same on all the islands? | more types of food on the islands which creates similar body parts for different uses |
| What was different about the finches and why? | more types for different types of food |
| List three observations Darwin made on his travels that led him to proposes his revolutionary idea about the way life changes over time | Patterns of diversity were shown...unique adaptations in organisms... species not evenly distributed |
| Give an example of uneven distribution of species noted by Darwin. | Australia had kangaroos, but no rabbits |
| Darwin collected both ________ organisms and ________ of organisms | living, trilobites |
| Give 2 examples of fossils collected by Darwin in which the species were no longer in existence. | Trilobites, giant sloth |
| Give a definition for evolution. | Evolution is the slow, gradual change in a population of organisms overtime |
| left unchecked, what did Darwin predict would happen to the number of individuals in a population | Species will increase exponentially, generation after generation |
| In nature, what tends to happen to size of populations over time? | Populations tend to remain stable |
| Competition among member of a population occur due to a limited number of _____ ______ | environmental resources |
| Only a _______ of the offspring produced survive to the next generation | fraction |
| The struggle for environmental resources is commonly called ____ of the fittest. | survival |
| variation in a population is _______ | inheritable |
| Which organisms in a population are most likely to live offspring to pass on their traits? | The individuals who inherit the characteristics must fit for their environment. |
| This process is known as ____ ______ and was proposed by Charles ______ | natural selection... Darwin |
| State Darwin's theory of natural selection | The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in a population with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations. |
| New _____ evolve accordiong to natural selection | Species |
| _______ was an economist in 1798 that influenced Darwin's thinking | Thomas Malthus |
| Malthus observed wheat about the birth rate of babies | Faster than people were dying |
| Malthus knew that population size was limited by what? | Resources |
| According to Malthus, a high birth rate and limited resources caused what to happen? | Force life and death competition |
| List several things that organisms struggle for in the environment. | Food, living space, mates |
| Who'd Mslthus say would happen if the population size continued to grow unchecked? | Insufficent living space and food for everyone |
| The _____ rate should increase to balance the ______ of a population and the limited _______ in the environment | Death, increase |
| Most organisms produce _____ offspring that can survive causing many to _____ | More, die |
| Darwin proposed that organisms descended from what ? | Common ancestors |
| Over time, according to Darwin, organisms _____ their form causing evolution of new ______ | Change, species |
| _______ ________ is the driving force for evolution | Natural selection |
| During the struggle for survivial, which organisms survive to pass on their traits | Strongest survive and reproduce |
| How long after he returned to England did Darwin publish his book about evolution? | 25 years |
| Why did Darwin wait so long to publish his ideas? | Extremely controversial topic, and it challenged established religion and scientific beliefs |
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