Nutrition - Exam 1 - Part 2
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| General guidelines to calories: Low = ___ Moderate = ___ High = ___ | 40, 100, 400
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| The average American should consume about ____ of fiber. | 28 g
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| There are no Daily Values Recommendations for ______, ______, and ______. | trans fat, sugars, protein
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| ______ are food labels that characterize the quantity of a nutrient in a food and must meet FDA definitions. | nutrient claims
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| ______ are food labels that state the relationship between a nutrient in a food and a disease or health related condition. | health claims
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| ______ are food labels that do not need FDA approval. | structure-function claims
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| ______ is a nutrient claim of at least 25% less fat in a serving than the original food. | reduced-fat
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| ______ is a nutrient claim of 3 grams or less fat in a serving. | lowfat
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| ______ is a nutrient claim of less than 0.5 grams of fat in a serving. | fat-free
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| ______ is a nutrient claim of 1/3 fewer calories or 1/2 the fat (in a serving) of the original product. | light
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| ______ is a nutrient claim of less than 0.5 grams sugar in a serving. | sugar-free
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| ______ is a nutrient claim of at least 25% fewer calories. | reduced-calorie
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| ______ is the process by which food is broken down into absorbable units. | digestion
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| ______ is the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph. | absorption
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| The ______ is the inner space of the GI tract. | lumen
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| The ______ is a tube from mouth to esophagus, shared with respiratory system. | pharynx
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| The ______ is a flap of cartilage which guards entrance of trachea. | epiglottis
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| The ______ sphincter is at the end of the stomach and opens into the small intestine. | pyloric
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| The stomach is composed of what 3 layers of muscle? | longitudinal, circular, diagonal
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| What are the 3 segments of the small intestine? | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
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| The ______ provides digestive fluids that come from the gallbladder. | common bile duct
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| The ______ provides digestive enzymes from the pancreas. | pancreatic duct
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| _______ is wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push food along. | peristalsis
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| ______ is a protein which facilitates a chemical reaction. | enzyme
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| ______ is the addition of water to break a molecule into smaller pieces. | hydrolysis
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| What are 3 digestive enzymes? | Carbohydrase
Protease
Lipase
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| What are 5 organs that produce secretions? | Salivary Glands
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Small Intestine
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| ______ produce water, salts, mucus and enzymes. | salivary glands
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| Salivary glands initiate ______ digestion. | carbohydrate
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| Gastric juice is made up of water, enzymes, and ______. | hydrochloric acid (HCl)
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| Gastric juice aids primarily in ______ digestion. | protein
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| In the stomach, ______ produce mucus which coats the cells, protecting them from the acidic environment. | goblet cells
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| The acidity of the stomach causes ______ to temporarily quit working. | salivary enzymes
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| The pancreas produces the enzyme ______, which neutralizes pH. | bicarbonate
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| The liver produces and the gallbladder stores ______. | bile
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| Bile is an ______ that allows enzymes to get to the fats. | emulsifier
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| The small and large intestines have a _____ pH. | neutral
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| The small and large intestines permit the growth of good ______ which produces ______ which aids in blood clotting. | bacteria, vitamin k
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| Stool is made up of what 3 ingredients? | water, dissolved salts, fiber
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| The colon causes the ______ of undigested residues. | fermentation
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| What are the 3 ways nutrients are absorbed? | Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
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| ______ are the fingerlike projections within the folds of the small intestine that move in a wave-like pattern to trap nutrients. | villi
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| ______ are the microscopic hairlike projections on each villi. | microvilli
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| ______ are the tubular glands that lie between the intestinal villi and secrete intestinal juices. | crypts
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| ______ are located between the villi and secrete a protective thick mucus. | goblet cells
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| ______ vitamins and small products of digestion enter the bloodstream via the capillaries and are headed to the bloodstream. | water-soluble
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| Larger ______ and ______ vitamins cluster together with a special protein called a chylomicron and enter the lymphatic system via a lacteal. | fats, fat-soluble
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| Larger fats and fat-soluble vitamins cluster together with a special protein called a ______ and enter the lymphatic system via a lacteal. | chylomicron
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| The ______ directs blood from the GI tract to the liver. | hepatic portal vein
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| The ______ takes blood from the liver to the heart. | hepatic vein
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| The liver protects against toxic substances and is known as the ______. | gatekeeper
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| ______ is a clear, yellowish fluid without red blood cells or platelets that moves through the body by muscle contractions. | lymph
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| ______ are the lymphatic vessels of the intestine that absorb nutrients and pass them to the lymphatic system. | lacteals
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| A healthy GI tract has many different non-disease-causing bacteria known as ______ or ______. | flora, microflora
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| ______ are bacteria found in foods that can be beneficial to health. An example is the bacteria found in yogurt. | probiotics
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| ______ are foods that are used as food by intestinal bacteria ( Fiber). | prebiotics
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| What are the two systems that coordinate homeostatic conditions for the digestive system? | Hormonal
Nervous
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| ______ are chemical messengers that travel to tissues or organs to elicit a response to maintain homeostasis. | hormones
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| What are the 3 hormones we discuss? | Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin = CCK
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| Food entering the stomach stimulates the release of ______. | gastrin
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| Gastrin stimulates the stomach glands to secrete ______. | HCL
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| When pH of ______ is reached the HCL turns off the gastrin producing cells. | 1.5-1.7
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| After chyme enters the small intestine, the pancreas adds ______ to neutralize the acidic chyme. | bicarbonate
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| The presence of chyme stimulates the cells of the small intestine to release _______ into the blood. | secretin
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| When ______ reaches the pancreas, it stimulates it to release bicarbonate. | secretin
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| Fat in the intestine stimulates the cells of the intestinal wall to release ______. | CCK
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| ______ travels to the gallbladder, stimulates it to contract, and it sends bile to the small intestine. | CCK
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