Immune System
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| What is Adaptive Immunity? | provides a specific reaction to each invading antigen and has the unique ability to remember the antigen that caused the attack
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| What is an Allergen? | a substance that can produce a hypersensitive reaction in the body
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| What is an Antigen? | a substance recognized by the body as foreign that can trigger an immune response
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| What is Attenuated? | the process of weakening the degree of virulence of a disease organism
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| What is Cellular Immunity? | the mechanism of acquired immunity characterized by the dominant role of small T cells
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| What is Humoral Immunity? | one of the two forms of immunity that responds to antigens; it is mediated by B cells
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| What is an Immunogen? | any agent or substance capable of provoking an immune response or producing immunity
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| What is Innate Immunity? | the body's first line of defense; provides physical and chemical barriers to invading pathogens and protects the body against the external environment (1st two lines of defense)
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| What is the 1st line of defense? | Anatomic barriers
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| What are the anatomic barriers? | *Sloughing of skin *Coughing *Vomiting *Diarrhea *Urination *Bacteria colonization (Bodies natural symbiotic flora and fauna)
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| What is the second line of defense? | Inflammatory Response
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| What is the third line of defense? | Immune Response (Adaptive or Acquired Immune Response)
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| What WBC directs the immune response? | Lymphocyte
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| What is an Antibody? | the protein substances (also called “immunoglobulins”) produced by the immune system in response to exposure to an antigen
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| What are Lymphokines? | one of the chemical factors produced and released by T cells that attract macrophages to the site of infection or inflammation and prepare them for attack
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| What is plasmapheresis? | removal of plasma that contains components causing or thought to cause disease
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| What are the three functions of the immune system? | *To protect the body against invading organisms *To maintain homeostasis by removing damaged cells from circulation *To serve as a surveillance network for recognizing and guarding against the development and growth of abnormal cells
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| What organs and cells fall under the Acquired/Adaptive immunity? | *WBCs *Thymus *Spleen *Bone Marrow *Lymph
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| What cells fall under the INNATE immune system? | *Phagocytes *Natural killer (NK) cells
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| Where do T Lymphocytes mature? | Thymus
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| Where do B Lymphocytes mature? | Bone Marrow
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| How do antigens, macrophages, and T cells interact? | Macrophages ingest the antigens, process them then ‘present them’ to the T cells in a form that allows the T cells to act upon them
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| What happens to B-Cells once exposed to an antigen in the lymph tissue? | They proliferate and differentiate into Memory B cells and Plasma B cells
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| What do responses of B-cells to antigens require? | *Interaction with T-helper cells
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| What form of immunity responds to antigens such as bacteria and foreign tissue? | Humoral Immunity
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| What form of immunity is the primary defense against intracellular organisms including viruses and some bacteria? | Cellular Immunity
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| What B-cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins; Ig)? | Plasma B-cells
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| Immune Hypersensitivity Disorder is believed to be a genetic defect that allows increased production of what? | IgE (immunoglobulin E- a humoral antibody)
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| What is the first evidence of immunodeficiency disease? | an increased susceptibility to infection
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| What medication is given at first sign of Anaphylaxis? | *0.5 mL of epinephrine (Adrenalin Chloride) 1:1000 subcutaneously (0.3 mL according to guest speaker) *Benadryl 50-100 mg IM/IV
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| How often must medical management of anaphylaxis be repeated? | 15-minute intervals as prescribed by physician (every 15 min x 3 doses according to guest speaker)
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| What is the long term antibody producing Plasma B-cell? | IgG
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| What is the immediate antibody producing Plasma B-cell? | IgM
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| What is the primary secretory antibody producing Plasma B-cell? | IgA
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| What is the allergic/parasite/anaphylactic antibody producing Plasma B-cell? | IgE
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| Autoimmune failure occurs only in what? | Just T-cells and/or B-cells
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| What are the clinical manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)? | *oral ulcers *arthralgias or arthritis *vasculitis (polyarthralgia and polyarteritis in 90-95% of patients) *Malar (butterfly) rash *Nephritis *Pleural effusions *Anemia tends to be the most common complication
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| What drugs are given to relieve symptoms of SLE and attempt to induce remission? | *NSAIDs to reduce inflammation *antimalarial drugs (hydroxychloroquine) *corticosteroids (such as prednisone), and antineoplastic drugs (Imuran, Cytoxan, Leukeran) to achieve remission or control signs and symptoms
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| What is plasma replaced with in plamapheresis? | fluids such as saline or albumin
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| What does plasmapheresis remove? | *Antinuclear antibodies (autoantibody) *Antigen - antibody complexes *Inflammatory mediators
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| Fill in the blanks: In plasmapheresis, When blood is manually removed only ____ mL may be taken at one time. | 500
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| Fill in the blanks:With use of apheresis for plasmapheresis procedures over ____ of plasma can be pheresed in 2-3 hours. | 4L
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| What electrolyte imbalance can occur from plasmapheresis and why? | Hypocalcemia, Citrate is used as an anticoagulant and it has a negating effect on calcium (AKA Citrate toxicity)
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| Blood and blood components should be refrigerated at specific temperatures until how long before administration? | 1/2 hour
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| Blood must be administered within how long after removal from refrigeration | 4 hours
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| Only what type of I.V. Fluid is to be used with blood transfusions? | 0.9% normal saline
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| How much blood is to be delivered over the 1st 15 minutes? | 10cc - 25cc
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| What is to be done any time an adverse reaction is suspected? | Immediately stop the blood and infuse normal saline. Notify the charge nurse and physician immediately
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| What must be sent to the lab if a blood transfusion reaction is suspected? | *The unused blood and recipient tubing *10 ml specimen of the patient's venous blood *Post transfusion urine specimen
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| A unit of blood must be infused over how long unless what? | a unit of blood should be infused within 2 to 4 hours unless contraindicated by risk of circulatory overload
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| What paperwork is to be given to the lab and placed in the PTs chart with blood transfusions? | SF 518
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| How long can a mild blood transfusion reaction occur after a transfusion? | Hours to Days
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| What are the S/Sx of a mild blood transfusion reaction? | *Dermatitis *Diarrhea *Fever *Chills *Urticaria *Cough *Orthopnea
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| How long after the start of a blood transfusion does a moderate reaction occur? | 30-90 minutes
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| What are the S/Sx of a moderate blood transfusion reaction? | *Fever *Chills *Urticaria *Wheezing
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| How long after the start of a blood transfusion does a severe reaction occur? | Within 1st 15 minutes
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| How long can blood be frozen and stored? | As long as 3 years
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