test 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| malnutrition | a lack of proper nutrition in the diet
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| calories | one way to express the energy value of food
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| healthy adults require how many daily calories | 1800-3000 a day
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| proteins are composed of | amino acids
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| how many essential amino acids are there? | nine
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| essential amino acids | cannot be produced by the body; must be obtained from food sources
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| non essential amino acids | produced by the body
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| two sources for proteins | animal and plant
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| how many essential proteins do animal sources provide? | all nine
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| how many essential amino acids do plant sources provide? | they contain only some of the nine, so they are considered incomplete protein sources.
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| fat soluble vitamins | A,D,E, and K
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| sources for fats/lipids | butter, oils, salad dressing, whole milk, beef and pork...etc.
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| Cholesterol comes in two types. Tell the types and which one is good and bad. | LDL (lethal) is bad and HDL (healthy) is good.
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| ideal HDL | 70-88
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| ideal LDL | less than 30 mg/dl
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| types of fats or triglycerides and which is better for you? | saturated and unsaturated (better)
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| saturated fat | solid at room temp
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| unsaturated | liquid at room temp
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| water soluble vitamins | B complex and C vitamins---must replenish daily because they are eliminated with body fluids
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| megadoses | overdose of vitamins--can cause some side effects
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| catabolism | breaking down
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| anabolism | constructive/ building up
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| two parts to metabolism | catabolism and anabolism
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| basal metabolic rate | rate at which the body metabolizes food to maintain the energy requirements of person at rest.
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| three systems involved in metabolism disorders | GI, endocrine and reproductive
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| Pancreas has two organ functions | endocrine- making insulin and exocrine- secreting pancreatic juices for digestion
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| Health history for digestive and metabolism | GI surgeries, unexplained weight loss/gain, regular bowel pattern, normal diet, history of GI disease and activity level
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| Medication history for GI | GI disorder meds, laxatives, aspirin, or NSAIDS, vitamins, antacids, narcotics, weight-loss meds
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| Nutritional assessment | normal food and fluid intake, food allergies, appetite patterns, any nutritional supplements (ensure).
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| include diet history in nutritional assessment | age, gender, who preps meals, when do they eat, frequency of meals, food likes/dislikes, chewing/swallowing difficulty (dysphagia), level of activity, use of alcohol, special diets, desire to improve nutritional intake.
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| Physical Nutritional assessment | genreal appearance, ability to chew/swallow, vitality/attention/concentration, psychosocial factors, anthropometric data, abdomen, lab data
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| nursing diagnosis related to metabolism and nutrition | altered nutrition: ,ore than body requirements and less than, nausea,R/F aspiration, impaired swallowing, self-care deficit: feeding, risk for fluid volume deficit (vomiting/diarrhea)
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| altered nutrition: more than body requirements | assess daily weights, food/fluid intake diary, increase activity, teach small frequent meals, teach table eating
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| altered nutrition:less than body requirements | teach good eating habits, assess weight, food intake, stimulate appetite by good oral hygiene/decreasing pain/familiar foods, small frequent meals, nutrient dense foods, rest before meals, meals in groups, right temp.
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| nausea | assess for odors or visuals, distraction, avoid abrupt movements, limit intake temporarily, cool cloth
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| vomiting | always document the amount, color, appearance, and unusual odor
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| impaired swallowing and risk for aspiration | keep suction nearby, sit up 90 deg. during meals, place food on unaffected side, teach small bites/chew well, check for pocketing
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| self care deficit: feeding | appropriate equipment, assistance feeding
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| Diagnostic GI tests | Flat plat of the abd., upper GI series(barium swallow), CT scan of abd., UGI(endoscopy)/EGD(gastroscopy), ERCP, Gastric analysis, MRI, oral cholecystography, ultrasound gallbladder/liver/pancreas/biliary, HIDA scan, liver scan/biopsy
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| special care when prepping for GI study | NPO after midnight, no smoking morning of.
POST test- increase fluids, laxative, teach stool will be light
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| CT special care | assess for allergies to shellfish/iodine, inform of burning upon injection, NPO
POST test- increase fluids
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| UGI/EGD and ERCP special care | NPO, informed consent,
POST test- no eating or drinking until gag reflex returns, monitor for any abnormal pain, tenderness, guarding or melena(dark tarry stool)**report melena immediately
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| Gastric analysis special care | NPO, no smoking prior, no anti-cholinergics 24 hrs prior
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| MRI special care | MUST assess for any metal in the body, assess for claustrophobia, inform of loud noises during
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| oral cholecystography special care | check for iodine allergies, take radioactive tablets night before, NPO after midnight
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| HIDA scan special care and liver scan | NPO
POST test- increase fluids
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| liver biopsy special care | informed consent, make sure Pt, PTT and bleeding times assess ahead of time, NPO, baseline vitals,
POST test- bandage applied and lie on rt. side, bed rest, monitor for bleeding
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| Lab tests for GI | serum bilirubin, liver enzymes, serum protein, serum ammonia, serum amylase, serum lipase
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| temporary therapeutic measures | nasogastric and nasoenteric tubes
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| long-term therapeutic measures | gastrostomy and jejunostomy
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| purposes of therepuetic GI intubation | decompression, obtain gastric secretions, relieve obstructions, gavage (feeding), lavage(pumping), promote healing after GI surgery
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| tube feedings use what type of nutrition | commercially prepared formulas such as ensure--doctor determines amount and type
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| when tube feedings are used you should | monitor daily water intake
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| methods for tube feedings | bolus, intermittent continuous
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| TPN | Total Parenteral Nutrition
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