Pre-AP Biology Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle
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| Actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells.
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| anaphase | chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.
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| aster | A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.
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| binary fission | A method of asexual reproduction by “division in half.” In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis; but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.
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| cell cycle | ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, composed of interphase (G1, S, & G2) and M phase (mitosis & cytokinesis)
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| cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
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| cell division | The reproduction of cells.
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| cell plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
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| centromere | The specialized region of the chromosome where two sister chromatids are most closely attached.
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| centrosome | Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.
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| checkpoint | A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
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| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
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| chromosome | A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
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| cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane.
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| cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
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| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.
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| Down syndrome | A human genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.
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| G0 phase | A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle.
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| G1 phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
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| G2 phase | The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
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| gamete | A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. They unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
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| genome | The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s (or virus’s) genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.
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| interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Accounts for 90% of cell cycle.
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| kinetochore | A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
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| metaphase | the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the equatorial plate.
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| metaphase plate | An imaginary plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.
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| mitosis | nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number
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| mitotic (M) phase | The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
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| mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.
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| origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
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| prometaphase | discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
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| prophase | chromatin condenses, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears, but the nucleus remains intact.
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| S phase | synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
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| sister chromatids | two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome
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| somatic cell | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg.
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| telophase | final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.
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