Barry anesthesia patho wk1
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| What levels create an organism | chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system are the levels of an organism
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| 4 characteristics of life | ability to process energy(metabolism), capacity to grow/develop, capacity for reproduction, ability to sense and response to changes in the environment
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| What is the simplest living unit | the cell
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| What is a tissue | group of identical cells working towards a common goal (cells of common structure and function)
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| What are the 4 types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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| 7 Types of epithelial tissues | simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal(transitional), stratified columnar, psuedostratified columnar
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| Simple Squamous function/location | passive transport; lines body cavities, endothelium of cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels, lung alveoli
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| Simple cuboidal function/location | secretion and absorption (active transport); lines ducts and tubules of organs, forms epithelium of ovary and seminiferous tubules
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| Simple columnar function/location | secretion and absorption (active transport); lining of digestive tract
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| Stratified squamous function/location | protection against friction, drying, mechanical insult; skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina
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| Stratified cuboidal (transitional) function/location | permits stretching, protective lining of ducts; lining of ducts of sweat glands, testes, tubules, lining of ureters and bladder
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| Stratified columnar function/location | lines ducts ; not common, lining of salivary gland ducts, pharynx, larynx
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| Pseudostratified columnar function/location | moves material via cilia; lining of trachea, bronchi, some of male and female urethra
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| 3 types of connective tissues | loose, dense, special
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| 3 types of loose connective tissues | recticular(holds shapes of organs & filters fluids; stroma of soft organs, marrow cavity), areolar (support/packing material; btwn functional units of organs), adipose (protection, energy, insulation; around all organs and in fat pads)
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| 2 types of dense connective tissues | regular(parallel arrangement/unidirectional strength; tendons & ligaments) , irregular (strength in all directions; fascia, organs, capules, septa, shealths
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| 4 types of special connective tissues | bone(hemopoisis; skeleton,marrow cavity),hyaline cartilage(articulation surface,protection;epiphysis of bones, fetal skeleton,tracheal rings), Elastic cart.(flexibility;epiglottis,external ear), fibrous cart.(strength;intervertebral discs,pubic symphysis)
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| 2 component of nervous tissue | neuron and neuroglia
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| Neuron function/location | transmit nervous pulses to other neurons and to target organs; withing the CNS and PNS
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| 3 types of Neuroglia | astrocytes (some control over circulation in nerous; attached to blood vessels in CNS tissue), oligodendrocytes (source of myelination; btwn neurons, wrapped around axons in PNS), microglia (phagocytosis within CNS; throughout CNS and cerebrospinal fluid)
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| 3 types of muscle tissue | smooth(visceral), cardiac, skeletal(striated)
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| Smooth(Visceral) muscle tissue function/location | involuntary innervation, cells contract and transmit impulses; walls of hollow tubular viscera, iris of eye, vessels
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| Cardiac muscle tissue function/location | involuntary innervations, capable of contraction w/o nervous stimulation, cells transmit impulses to adjacent cells; structure of the heart
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| Skeletal(striated) muscle tissue function/location | voluntary innervations, cells contract; attached to skeletal components
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| What is an organ | 2 or more tissues joined in a unit to serve a common function
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| What are the 2 types of tissues of the organ | parenchyma (main functional tissue), and stroma (supportive/structural framework)
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| What is an organ system | group of organs working together for one purpose
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| What is an organism | contiguous group of organs working together toward a common goal
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| What is homeostasis | maintaining ranges/balance by use of feedback
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| What are the 2 types of feedback | negative feedback-eliminates or reduces the original disturbance (ie insulin, glucagon) and positive feedback-increases the original disturbance(ie labor contractions stimulate the hypophysis to release oxytocin, blood coagulation)
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| Which type of feedback system is more likely to go out of control | positive feedback (ie hypercoagulation)
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| 2 main body cavities | ventral(anterior), dorsal(posterior)
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| Dorsal cavity is divided into what 2 cavities | Cranial(brain), vertebral (spinal cord) they are divided at the C1 level
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| The ventral cavity is divided into what 2 cavities | Thoracic, and Abdominal/pelvic cavity, separated at the level of the diaphram
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| The thoracic cavity is divided into what 3 cavities | mediastinum (superior & pericardial), pleural cavities (R&L)
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| The abdominal and pelvic cavity are dived at what level | the ileac spine
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| Visceral is what layer | the inner layer continuous with the organ
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| Parietal is what layer | the outer layer
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| The most basic functional unit of the body | The cell
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| Largest cell in the body | the Egg, ovum
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| Smallest cell in the body | the sperm cell
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| Cell membrane is | a phospolipid bilayer with fluidity
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| Cell membrane functions | Establish the limits of the cell (holds it together), controls passage of materials in and out (gated channels, impermeable to most water soluble molecules, cell-cell recognition, mobility(cilia, flagellum, vili), maintains electrical potentials
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| Nucleus functions | control center, storehouse of genetic information, replication of DNA, transcription into mRNA
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| Nucleus consists of | porous nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope), nucleoplasm, nucleolus (where rRNA is made and ribosomes are assembled, chromosomes (consists of genes)
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| Cytoplasm (cytosol) is | lies btwn the cell membrane and the nucleus, has cytoskeleton, is a colloidal suspension of water (80%), protein (15%), lipids (3%), carbohydrates (1%) and electrolytes
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| Mitocondria (power plant) decription/function | rod shaped, double membrane bound organelle packed with enzymes for electron transport chain, Site of krebs cycle and electron transport chain; cellular respiration(oxidation) to make ATP (glucose + o2 co2 + h2o + energy, ADP + P +energyATP,
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| Ribosome (protein factory) | consists of rRNA and protein; site of protein synthesis
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| Lysosomes (sucide bag) | contains enzymes (hydrolases) which breakdown carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids; digestion of foreign material and old cellular components
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| Centriole | microtubules involved in cellular division (mitosis), not in nerves or muscle cells
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| Endoplasmic recticulum | internal transport system , rough(ribosomes are attached) is responsible for synthesis of proteins componenet of cell organelles, smooth (no ribosomes) is responsible for synthesis of phosolipids, steroids and fatty acids
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| Golgi Body | packing and distribution center, stores and packages secretory products into secretory vesicles(which break off), formation of glycoproteins, lipoproteins and lysosomes
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| Components of DNA | pentose(deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base (cytosine, guanine, thymine, adenine), double stranded
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| Triplets of bases that specify amino acids | codons
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| Components of RNA | pentose(ribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base (cytosine, guanine, uracil, adenine), single stranded
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| RNA polymerase function | binds to a promoter site(beginning of a gene), then pulls the strands apart to allow for addition of complementary nucleotides, forming mRNA
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| mRNA function | leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes were translation begins
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| Aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase function | attaches correct amino acid to the tRNA(which has the anticodon)
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| What are the two main phases of Mitosis | Interphase and Mitotic phase (M)
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| What are the 3 components of interphase | G1(growth), S (DNA is synthesized/replicated-chromatin), G2 (Growth/preparation for division)
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| What are the 4 phases of Mitosis | Prophase(chromosomes matched into 46 paired chromotids,nuclear mem.disappears,centrioles move to opposite sides),Metaphase(spindle fibers pull chromosomes to the center),Anaphase(chromosomes are split, pulling 46 chromosomes to each side), Telophase(nucle
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| What is Cytokinesis | Happens in Mitotic phase, NOT part of Mitosis; is the splitting of the cell creating two identical diploid cells
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