A&P & Positioning test 1
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on it to display the answer.
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| anatomy | the term applied to the science of the structure of the body
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| physiology | the study of the function of the body
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| pathology | the study of disease
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| osteology | the detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones of the body
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| anatomical position | standing upright, limbs extended facing front, palms facing front, and feet together
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| supine | lying on back, palms up
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| prone | lying face down, palms down
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| what are the four fundamental body planes | -sagittal
-coronal
-horizontal
-oblique
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| sagittal plane | divides the body into right and left segments(midsagittal divides into equal halves)
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| coronal plane | divides the body into anterior and posterior segments(midcoronal divides into equal anterior and posterior halves)
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| horizontal plane | passes crosswise through the body or body part at a right angle to the longitudinal axis, divides body into superior and inferior portions(also called transverse, axial, or cross-sectional)
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| oblique plane | passes through a body part at any angle between the other three planes
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| transects the body at the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests(level of L4-L5) | interiliac plane
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| occlusal plane | formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
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| what are the four divisions of the body | -head
-neck
-trunk
-limbs
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| what are the two great cavities of the body | -thoracic cavity
-abdominopelvic cavity
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| what are the nine regions of the abdomen | *superior region
-right and left hypochondrium
-epigastrium
*middle region
-right and left lateral
-umbilical
*inferrior region
-right and left inguinal
-hypogastrium
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| the armpit | axilla
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| the area of the oblique crease on the front of the body where the lower limb joins the trunk in front of the hip. this crease marks the location of the inguinal ligament | groin
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| area of the abdominal surface lateral to the umbilical region | lumbar region
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| space between the upper thighs, and between the anus and vulva in a female and between the anus and scrotum in a male | perineum
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| what are the four major body habitus | -sthenic(50%)
-hyposthenic(35%)
-asthenic(10%)
-hypersthenic(5%)
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| what can body habitus affect | -positioning
-image receptor selection
-technique selection
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| which body habitus causes the body organs to set lower and more midline | asthenic
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| which body habitus causes the body organs to set higher and more peripheral | hypersthenic
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| what is the most common body habitus | sthenic
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| what body habitus is between sthenic and asthenic | hyposthenic
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| what are the ten systems of the human body | -skeletal
-digestive
-respiratory
-reproductive
-integumentary
-nervous
-endocrine
-muscular
-circulatory
-urinary
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| what are the functions of bone | -attachment for muscles
-mechanical basis for movement(lever)
-protection of internal organs
-support frame for body
-storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts
-production of red and white blood cells
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| how many total bones in the body | 206
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| what are the two types of skeleton | -axial skeleton(80 bones)
-appendicular(126 bones)
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| supports and protects the head and trunk(includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) | axial skeleton
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| provides means for movement(includes upper limbs, shoulder girdle, lower limbs, and pelvic girdle) | appendicular skeleton
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| tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone, except at articular ends. It has two layers -outer layer is dense and fibrous -inner layer is composed of osteoblasts -blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone through the periosteum | periosteum
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| located under the periosteum -strong, dense outer layer that gives strength to the bone, resembles ivory | compact bone(cortical)
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| porous, loosely knit,forms a thin layer under compact bone along the shaft; forms majority of the bone at the end of long bones -this is the inner less dense layer -contains a spiculated network called trabeculae | spongy bone(cancellous)
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| what can be found in the trabeculae | red and yellow marrow
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| what produces red and white blood cells | red marrow
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| yellow marrow stores what | fat cells
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| -central cavity of long bones -contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow -red marrow found in ends of long bone | medullary cavity
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| lines mudullary cavity | endostium
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| near center of long bones, passes into medullary cavity, carries nutrient artery to cancellous(spongy) bone and marrow | nutrient foramen
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| the term that applies to the development and formation of bones -begins in the second month of embryonic life | ossification
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| what are the two types of ossification | -intermembranous(flat bone)
-endochondral(all other bones)
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| begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones. growth takes place in diaphysis(also makes up majority of short and irregular bones) | primary endochondral ossification
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| occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones -epiphyseal plates(hyaline cartilage) -bones development is usually complete by age 21) | secondary endochondral ossification
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| the end of a long bone that is originally seperated from the main bone by a layer cartilage | epiphysis
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| the shaft of a long bone, between the epiphysis | diaphysis
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| the portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis(the flared portion of bone) | metaphysisis
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| what are the five type of bones | -long
-short
-flat
-irregular
-sesamoid
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| what are some examples of long bones | -humerus
-femur
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| what are some examples of short bones | -carpals
-tarsals
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| what are some examples of flat bones | -sternum
-scapula
-cranium
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| what are some examples of irregular bones | -vertebrae
-facial bones
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| what is an example of a sesamoid bone | -patella
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| arthrology | the study of joints, or articulations, between bones
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| what are the two classifications of joints | -functional(based on joint mobility) -structural(classified by type of tissue that unites the bone)(most widely used)
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| what are the functional classifications of joints | -synarthroidal(immovable) -amphiarthroidal(slightly moveable) -diarthroidal(freely moveable)
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| what are the structural classifications of joints | -fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial
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| -do not have a joint cavity -united by various fibrous and connective tissues and ligaments -strongest joints in the body | fibrous joints
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| what are the types of fibrous joints | -syndemosis
-suture
-gomphosis
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| -immovable or very slightly moveable -united by fibrous sheets -ex: inferior tibiofibular joint | syndemosis joints
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| immovable joint only in the skull | sutures
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| immovable joint only in roots of teeth. | gomphosis joints
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| -these joints do not have a joint cavity -virtually immovable | cartilaginous joints
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| what are the types of cartilaginous joints | -symphysis
-synchondrosis
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| -slightly moveable joint -seperated by a pad of fibrocartilage -designed for strength and shock absorbancy -ex: pubic | symphysis
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| -immovable, temporary joint -united by rigid cartilage -ex:epiphyseal plate | synchodrosis
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| -these joints permit wide range of motion; freely moveable -complex joints -enclosed by articular capsule -many have accessory soft tissues: meniscus or bursae | synovial joints
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| what are the types of synovial joints | -gliding(plane)
-hinge(ginglymus)
-pivot(trochoidal)
-elsipsoid(condyloid)
-saddle(sellar)
-ball and socket(spheroidal)
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| -simplest synovial joint; uniaxial movement;very slight characterized by flat or slightly curved surfaces that slide over each other during movement -ex: intercarpal, intertarsal joints, apophyseal joints | gliding joint
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| -permits flexion and extension only; uniaxial. characterized by a pulley shaped (trochlea) fitting into a concave surface -ex: elbow, knee | hinge joint
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| -allows rotation around a single axis; rounded bone is encircled by a ring of cartilage or bone; uniaxial -ex: atlantoaxial joint(c1-c2 joint); proximal radioulnur joint | pivot joint
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| allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. allows movement in two directions at right angles to one another; biaxial. characterized by a condyle fitting into a concave surface -ex: radiocarpal(wrist) joint, mcpj | elipsoid joint-
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| -allows movement similar to ellipsoid;biaxial -difference is in the shape of the articular surfaces -ex: carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and first metacarpal(thumb), ankle | saddle joint
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| ball and socket joint | -permits widest range of motion; multiaxial movement
-round head of one bone fits into a cup shaped depression of another bone
-allows flexion; extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
-ex: hip and shoulder
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| process or projection | extends beyond main body of bone
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| what are some processes and projections | -condyle
-coracoid or coronoid
-crest
-epicondyle
-facet
-hamulus
-head
-horn
-line
-malleolus
-protuberance
-spine
-styloid
-trochanter
-tubercle
-tuberosity
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| depression | hollow or depressed area
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| what are some depressions | -fissure
-foramen
-fossa
-fovea
-groove
-meatus
-notch
-sinus
-sulcus
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| what are some openings into or within organs | -aperature
-foramen
-hiatus
-orifice
-os
-ostium
-lumen
-porus
-incisura
-meatus
-ramus
-septum
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| capitulum | small, rounded articular end of a bone
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| neck(of bone) | constricted area below head
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| principle portion of bone | body/shaft
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| ala | wing like
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| fovea | small pit or cuplike depression
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| hilus | indention in an organ where vessels enter or exit
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| tail | tapered end of structure
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| lobe | subdivision of an organ
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| lobule | subdivision of lobe
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| segment | subdivision of lobule
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| extremity | end of long bone
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| apex | pointed end of a structure
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| base | broad flattened end of a structure
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| aperature | hole or opening
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| foramen | hole
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| hiatus | opening or gap
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| orifice | opening into an organ
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| os | opening into mouth or digestive tract
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| ostium | a small opening; usually into a tubular organ
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| lumen | space within a vessel, intestine, or tube
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| porus | opening or pore
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| incisura | notch, indentation at the edge of any structure
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| meatus | canal or tubelike passageway
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| ramus | branch like division
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| septum | division between two open cavities
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| styloid | long pointed process
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| -trochanter(large) -tubercle(small) | elevated process at end of long bones
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| fissure | cleft or deep groove
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| fossa | large pit or cuplike depression
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| groove | linear channel(not as deep as fissure)
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| notch | indention in the border of a bone
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| sinus | recess or groove, hollow cavity or space
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| sulcus | borrow or trench
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| condyle | rounded process at end of bone(articular end)
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| coracoid or coronoid | beak like projections
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| crest | ridge like process
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| epicondyle | small rounded process above a condyle
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| facet | small smooth surface for articular process
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| hamulus | hook shaped process
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| head | expanded end of a long bone
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| horn | horn like process
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| line | similar to a crest, but less prominant(ridge like)
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| malleolus | club shaped process, small hammer
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| protuberance | projecting prominance
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| spine | sharp slender process
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| ventral | anterior
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| dorsal | posterior
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| inside of body or rotating inward | internal
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| if it is within or part of an organ, it is; | intrinsic
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| fracture with no skin wound | closed fracture
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| fracture with skin wound(fracture breaks through skin) | open or compound fracture
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| fx in which bone doesnt shift or seperate | nondisplaced fracture
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| fx in which bone has shifted or seperated | displaced fracture
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| fracture of vertebra by pressure marked by loss of bone height | compression fracture
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| fracture in which bone is partially bent and partially broken | greenstick fracture
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| a fracture in which the fracture line is at right angles to the long axis of the bone | transverse fracture
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| fx that follows a helical line along and around the course of a long bone | spiral or oblique fracture
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| fracture in which the bone is broken or splintered into pieces | comminuted fracture
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| fracture in which the bone is broken and one end is wedged into the interior of the other | impacted fracture
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| what are the four basic types of tissues | -epithelium
-connective
-muscular
-nerve
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| what are the functions of skin | -protection
-excretion
-regulation
-sensation
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| what are the layers of skin | -epidermis
-dermis(true layer)
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| how many layers does the epidermis have | 5
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| what are the five layers of the epidermis | -horny layer(dead skin)
-translucent layer
-granular layer
-prickle cell layer
-germinal layer(pigment)
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| how many layers in the dermis | 2
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| what are the layers of the dermis | -papillary layer(finger prints)
-reticular layer
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| what are the appendages of the skin | -hair
-nails
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| tail, toward feet | caudad
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| toward head | cephalad
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| above | superior
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| below | inferior
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| more central | central
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| lateral, at or near surface | peripheral
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| middle of body or body part | medial
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| lateral | away from middle
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| near skin or surface | superficial
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| far from surface | deep
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| further from point of origin | distal
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| near point of origin | proximal
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| outside or turning outward | external
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| wall or lining of cavity | parietal
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| covering of organ | visceral
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| parts on same side of body | ipsilateral
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| parts on opposite siedes of the body | contralateral
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| palm of hand | palmar
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| sole of foot | plantar
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| top of foot or hand | dorsum
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| path of central ray | projection
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| overall posture of body or specific placement of that body part | position
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| what the IR sees | view
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| specific radiographic projection developed by an individual -named after that individual | method
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| front to back | AP
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| back to front | PA
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| at an angle more than 10 degrees, either caudal or cephalad | axial
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| angling of projection less than 10 degrees, skimming a part | tangential
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| central ray enters one side of body, passing transversely along coronal plane | lateral position
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| CR enters from a side angle | oblique position
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| feet above head | trendelenbug position
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| head above feet | fowler's position
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| sims position | rucumbant w/ patient on left anterior side, w/ left leg extended, and right leg partially flexed
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| supine w/ knees and hips flexed | lithotomy position
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| rucumbent w/ central ray entering horizontal w/ floor position | decubitus
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| standing w/ pt. leaning back against IR | lordotic position
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| moving away | abduction
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| moving toward | adduction
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| straightening | extension
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| bending | flexion
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| extension of spine | hyperextension
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| flexion of spine | hyperflexion
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| outward turning of a foot at the ankle | eversion
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| rotating down of palm | inversion
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| rotating down of palm | inversion
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| rotating up of palm | supination
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| turning on an axis | rotation
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| circular movement of a limb | circumduction
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| tipping or slanting a body part slightly | tilt
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| turning away from the regular standard | deviation
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| tuberosity | elevated process along shaft of long bones
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| what is the surface landmark for C1 | mastoid tip
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| what is the surface landmark for C2-C3 | gonion(angle of mandible)
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| what is the surface landmark for C3-C4 | hyoid bone
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| what is the surface landmark for C5 | thyroid cartilage
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| what is the surface landmark for C7-T1 | vertebra prominence
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| what is the surface landmark for T2-T3 | level of jugular notch
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| what is the surface landmark for T4-T5 | level of sternal angle
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| what is the surface landmark for T7 | level of inferior angles of scapula(halfway between jugular notch and tip of the xiphoid)
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| what is the surface landmark for T9 | level of xiphoid process body
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| what is the surface landmark for T10 | level of xiphoid process tip
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| what is the surface landmark for L2-L3 | inferior costal margin-transpyloric plane
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| what is the surface landmark for L4-L5 | level of most superior aspect of iliac crests
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| what is the surface landmark for S1-S2 | level of anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS)
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| what is the surface landmark for the coccyx | level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters
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| loin | the lateral side of the abdomen between the lowest rib and the upper margin of the ileum
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