Genetic Processes: 4.1 - 4.3 (all other terms discussed)
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| adenine guanine cytosine thymine | the 4 nucleotides used to make DNA
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| adenine guanine cytosine uracil | the 4 nucleotides used to make RNA
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| amniocentesis | the medical procedure used to withdraw amniotic fluid containing fetal cells
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| anaphase | centromeres split apart and sister chromatids separate from each other
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| binary fission (of bacteria) | a form of asexual reproduction used by all prokaryotes
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| cell plate | the structure that forms prior to cytokinesis in plants to separate the cytoplasm
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| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | the medical procedure used to withdraw cells from the chorion
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| chromatin | uncondensed fibres of DNA in the cell nucleus
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| cytokinesis | divide the cytoplasm
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | a nucleic acid molecule that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self replication. Made of two long chains joined together.
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| daughter cell | a cell formed by either the division or budding of the original parent cell
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| Down syndrome | the result of a chromosome disorder due to an extra chromosome
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| double helix | the most common 3D structure for cellular DNA in which two nucleotide strands are anti-parallel
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| egg (ovum) | the common name for a female gamete
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| denucleated egg cell | an egg cell with the nucleus removed
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| eukaryotic cell cycle | G1, S, G2, M, and cytokinesis
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| furrow (a.k.a. cleavage furrow) | the indentation that begins the process of cytokinesis in animal cells
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| G0 phase | resting phase of the cell cycle
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| G1 phase | the phase that occurs prior to S phase in which a major period of growth often occurs
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| G2 phase | the phase that occurs after S phase in which continued growth occurs
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| gametogenesis | the process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes
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| genetic diversity | the level of biodiversity which identifies the total number of genetic characterisitics in the genetic make-up of a species
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| genetically modified organism (GMO) | an organism that has had the genetic sequence of its genome altered for a specific purpose
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| independent assortment (of homologous chromosomes) | the process that creates gametes that carry different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
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| interphase | the phase between successive mitotic divisions
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| metaphase | the phase in which spindle fibres guide the chromosomes to the equator or centre line of the cell
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| microtubules | make up the spindle fibres and are hollow tube-like structures
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| mitosis | division of the nucleus resulting in identical genetic material
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| nitrogen bases in DNA & RNA | adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, & uracil
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| nucleic acid | the name of a substance present in living cells (include DNA & RNA), whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain
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| nucleotide | the name of the molecule composed of a phosphate, nitrogen base & pentose sugar
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| parent cell | the name of the original cell before cell division
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| pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) | genetic testing that is done before the embryo is implanted in the uterus
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| prenatal genetic testing | a variety of tests performed on a fetus that are based on testing for genetic abnormalities
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| prophase | the phase in which the cells chromatic condense and the nuclear membrane breaks down
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| ribonucleic acid | a long linear molecule made up of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell
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| S phase (of cell cycle) | the phase in the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated
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| semi-conservative (replication of DNA) | name given to the method of DNA replication in which each new double strand molecule contains one original strand
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| somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning | the technique used in both reproductive and therapeutic cloning in which the egg cells nucleus is removed and replaced with the nucleus of donor cell
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| sperm | the common name for a male gamete
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| spindle apparatus | this structure moves and organizes the chromosomes during mitosis and is made up of the spindle fibres and centrosome
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| telophase | the phase in which the chromosomes have reached the opposite poles of the cell
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| tetrad | a group or set of 4 chromosomes found in prophase I of meiosis
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| transgenic organism | a genetically modified organism whose genetic material has been altered
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| ultrasound | a non-invasive test using sound or other vibration for medical imaging
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| X chromosome | one of the two sex chromosomes that both sexes possess
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| Y chromosome | one of the two sex chromosomes that only the male possess (under normal circumstances)
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