Dino Extinction
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| show | End of the Triassic, end of the Permian, the late Devonian, and the end of the Ordovician. The come from Skarkovsky's data set.
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| show | By how many fossils stop appearing after that point.
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| What is the most recent extinction and which is the largest? | show 🗑
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| Explain the fossil genera graph. | show 🗑
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| What is the avaerage lifespan of a genus? | show 🗑
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| How often is life on Earth killed off? | show 🗑
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| What is life on Earth today the result of? How did mammals come to evolve? | show 🗑
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| Explain Gambler's Ruin and how it relates to extinction | show 🗑
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| Which organisms have "broke the bank" and what does that mean? | show 🗑
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| Explain the Kill Curve and where it is derived from | show 🗑
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| Who is Gene Shoemaker? | show 🗑
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| show | David Raup used Shoemaker's data and combined crater impact data with the initial Kill curve. On the graph, the x axis changes from elapsed time to crater diameter. Graph statistically supports hypothesis that impact is responsible for extinction.
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| show | Finding craters and precisely dating them so as to correlate with extinctions
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| show | So far only the dino extinction is proven to relate to asteroid impact
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| show | Correlation may not indicated causality. With correlation, there is a mutual relationship between two or more things. With causality, one event is the consequence of another. Just because 2 things grow/decline @ similar rates, doesn't mean they're related
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| show | An event that lowers the population size below the minimum viable population making them vulnerable to extinction. Passenger Pigeon: A species doesn't have to be killed off in one day. It is enough to vastly reduce their numbers.
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| What species did not go extinct, but suffered from first strike? | show 🗑
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| show | Sea level change, climate change (which, would mean the Pleistocene should have had major extinctions), Species area effect (overcrowding), volcanism (super volcanoes), and exotic causes
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| show | Volcanoes were spewing millions of years before the asteroid hit. There was a climate change (warming than cooling) before the KT boundary that ended years after it.
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| What are Raup's 6 Principals? | show 🗑
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| show | (con't) species requires stresses that cut across ecological lines
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| How do the three types of extinction (Raup) operate? (field of bullets, fair game and wanton extinction?) | show 🗑
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| What are the two parts of the Alvarez Hypothesis? | show 🗑
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| show | 1)impact effects will be seen worldwide at the KT 2)Iridium is rare in most rocks, 3)iridium anomalies will be assoc. with impact craters 4)boundary clay will be thin and worldwide 5)find shocked minerals 6)enormous impact crater from 65mya will be found
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| show | On a trip to Italy, Walter found 1cm thick boundary clay denoting foram extinction, Iridium concentration 30xs that below & above KT
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| show | 10kn diameter
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| show | 25km per sec
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| show | 1980
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| show | Aristarchus discovered that the earth rotates around the sun, Wegener introduced the theory of continental drift, and Mendel explained genes (dominant and recessive)
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| Why are there so few craters on earth? | show 🗑
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| show | 1)Coesite and Stishovite-high pressure forms of quartz found at meteor crater
2)Tektites- teardrop shaped glass raindrops
3)shatter cones- point toward the center of an impact structure
4)spherules
5)nanodiamonds
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| show | A comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in '94. It was the first active impact that could be studied in space
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| show | Bohor discovered shocked quartz in Montana in 1981, proving that shocked minerals could be found worldwide.
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| show | Large volcanic features in India (basalts)
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| show | An impact crater discovered on the Yucatan Peninsula and extending into the ocean. Thick lower impact layer discovered in Haiti by Hildebrand in 1989. Estimated to be 260km in diameter. Surrounded by Cenotes (sinkholes) that trace out the impact ring.
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| show | Penfield and Camargo (in 1981) noted gravity and magnetic anomalies in northern Yucatan. Tsunami deposits were found in the Gulf of Mexico in the early 90s helping scientsts find Chix location.
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| show | 65 mya
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| Name two advocates of volcanism | show 🗑
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| show | Stack of volcanic ash there can be dated to determine whre the KT boundary occured. (ir anomaly found in shocked quartz taken from ash)
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| Who is Joel Blum? | show 🗑
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| What is Baptistina? | show 🗑
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| show | The more common an organism is, the more likely it is that their observed extinction matches its true extinction. Small organisms are more common (forams and pollen), and large organisms are more rare (dinos and mammals).
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| How can the Signor Lipps Effect be overcome? | show 🗑
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| Last straw for a sick world? | show 🗑
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| show | Peter Ward and the ammonites. At first, the last ammonite was 10 meters below the KT in Spain, but later more were found only inches below clay layer.
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| What do the plants show? | show 🗑
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| What is the significance of foraminifera? | show 🗑
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| show | Done worldwide to study rock below the muddy sea floor. Most famous sample is from Blake Nose, FL were the KT boundary was intact
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| What is the significance of Blake Nose, Fl? | show 🗑
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| show | It has the only rock formation that preserves that last 2 million years of dinosaurs. Dean Dean Pearson's work shows no decline in fossil diversity in this area prior to KT, which goes against the gradual extinction theory.
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| David Fatovsky's graph shows what? | show 🗑
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| show | Dinosaurs virtually disappeared before the KT
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| What is the No Bone Zone? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Medicine-over half of top 150 prescription drugs come from wildlife
2)food
3)Services:flood protection, water purification, carbon storage, coastline stability
4)Scientific importance
5)Cultural/aesthetic importance
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| Historical abundance? | show 🗑
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| What is wrong with Charles Offier's theory on volcanoes? | show 🗑
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| What does volcanic activity tell us? | show 🗑
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| show | Fossilization is rare so there are gaps in the fossil record, and poor exposure of rocks, as rock layers require rearrangement
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| show | Iridium. The rate at which it fell to earth was known and the layer contained an abnormal amount.
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| Who suggested that dino extinction was part of a cycle of mass extinctions that occurred 26 million years? | show 🗑
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| show | 2100. 1 specimen per 75,000 years
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| show | The species was becoming more diverse.
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| show | A result of ejecta from the impact raining down in several pulses of material. Well preserved in some places and indicative of an impact.
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| show | Tektites and spherules and hot rock that rained down for hours following the impact that turned to glass and clay.
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| show | Hot, then cold
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| What is false syllogism? | show 🗑
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| show | David Raup's "Extinction: Good Genes or Bad Luck"
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| show | It is the location of the rock where the Alvarezes found contrasting black and white layers.
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| show | Earth lost insects for approx 9 million years, because those that survived the impact lost their food source, plants.
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| Who called paleontologists just "stamp collectors?" | show 🗑
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| show | Known as the father of modern geology. His quote "no powers not natural to the globe" are from Night Comes to the Cretaceous
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| show | A giant Mars-sized object impacting with the nearly formed earth sending material into its orbit.
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| show | Rare geological features that form in the bedrock beneath meteor impact craters or underground nuclear explosions.
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| show | A form of quartz that form under intense but controlled pressure. They are evidence of an impact that could not have been generated by a volcano.
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| show | They are all large craters that predated the one at the KT boundary.
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