Diagnostic Procedures and Pharmacology
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| assesment | means the evaluation or appraisal of a condition.
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| pulse(P) | is the number of times the heart beats each minute.
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| respiration rate(RR) | is recorded as the number of respirations each minute.
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| sphygmomanometer | is an instrument used to measure blood pressure.
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| stethoscope | is used to listen to sound within the body during the measurement of blood pressure.
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| auscultation | is listening through a stethoscope for sounds within the body to determine the condition of the lungs pleura, heart, and abdomen.
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| bruit | is an abnormal sound or murmur heard in auscultation.
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| rhonchus | also known as WHEEZING, is an added sound with a musical pitch occurring during inspiration or expiration that results from a partially obstructed airway caused by inflammation, spasm of smooth muscles, or the presence of mucus in the airways.
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| stridor | is an abnormal, high-pitched, harsh or crowing sound heard during inspiration that results from a partial blockage of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
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| palpation | is an examination technique in which the examiners hand are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts.
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| percussion | is a diagnostic procedure to determine the density of a body area by the sound produced by tapping the surface with the finger or instrument.
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| opthalmoscope | is used to examine the interior of the eye.
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| PERRLA | means "pupils are equal, round, responsive, to light and accommodation. this is a diagnostic observation, and any abnormality might indicate a head injury or damage to the brain.
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| otoscope | is used to visually examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane.
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| speculum | is used to enlarge the opening of the canal or cavity to facilitate inspection of its interior.
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| recumbent | may be used to describe any postion in which the patient is laying down either on the back, front, or side.
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| decubitus | also means the act of lying down or the position assumed in lying down.
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| decubitus | is used to describe the position of the patient when lying in a recumbent position. however, is most commonly used to describe a decubitus ulcer, which is also known as a BEDSORE.
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| prone postion | the recumbent patient is lying on the belly face down.
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| supine position | also known as HORIZONTAL RECUMBENT POSITION, the patient is lying on the back with the face up.
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| dorsal recumbent postion | the patient is supine(lying on the back) with the knees bent.
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| sims postion | the patient is lying on the left side with the right knee and thigh drawn up with the left arm placed along the back.
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| knee-chest postion | the patient is lying face down with the hips flexed(bent) so the knees and chest rest on the table.
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| lithotomy position | the patient is subine with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups.
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| trendelenburg postion | the patient is lying on the back with the pelvis hight=er than the head; the knees are slightly bent; and the legs are hanging off the end of the table.
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| profile | means tests that are frequently performed as a group on automated multichannel laboratory tesing equipment.
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| phlebotomy | is the punture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood.
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| phlebotomist | is an individual trained and skilled in phlebotomy.
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| capillary puncture | is the technique used when only a small amount of blood is needed as a specimen for a blood test.
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| complete blood cell count(CBC) | is a series of tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions.
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) | also known as SED RATE, is a test based on the rate at which the red blood cells separate form the plasma and settle to the bottom of the container.
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| hematocrit test(HCT/Hct) | measures the percentage by volume of packed red blood cells in a whole blood sample.
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| platelet count(PLC) | measures the number of platelets in a specified amount of blood.
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| hydraion | fluid level in the body.
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| polycythemia | excess red blood cells.
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| anemia | deficient red blood cells.
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| thrombocytopenia | an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets.
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| red blood cell(RBC)count | is a determination of the number of erythrocytes in the blood.
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| total hemoglobin(Hb) | measures the amount of hemoglobin found in whole blood.
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| white blood cell(WBC)count | is a determination of the number of leukocytes in the blood.
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| white blood cell differential | determines what percentage of the total WBC count is composed of each of the five types of leukocyte.
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| agglutination testing | includes a variety of tests that involve the clumping together of cells or particles when mixed incompatible serum.
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| blood urea nitrogen | is the the amount of urea present in the blood.
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| lipid tests | also known as a LIPID PANEL, measure the amounts of taotal cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein(HDL), low density lipoprotein(LDL), and triglycerides in a blood sample.
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| prothrombin time | also known as PRO TIME, is a test used to diagnose conditions associated with abnormal bleeding and to monitor anitcoagulant therapy.
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| serum enzyme tests | are used to measure the blood enzymes.
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| serum bilirubin test | measures how well red blood cells are being broken down.
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone assay | measures circulating blood levels of thyroid-stimulatin hormone(TSH) that may indicate abnormal thyroid activity.
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| urinalysis | is the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements.
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| dipstick | used for routine urinalysis.
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| casts | are fibrous or protein materials, such as pus and fats, that are thrown off into the urine in kidney disease.
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| specific gravity | reflects the amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine.
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| acetone | which has a sweet fruity odor, is found in small quantities in normal urine and in larger amount in diabetic urine.
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| albuminuria | is the presence of the serum protein albumin in the urine and is a sign of impaired kidney function.
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| bacteriuria | is the presence of bacteria in the urine.
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| calciuria | is the presence of calcium in the urine.
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| creatinuria | is an increased concentration of creatine in the urine.
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| creatinine | a waste product of muscle metabolism, is normally removed by the kidneys.
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| glycosuria | is the presence of glucose in the urine and is most commonly caused by diabetes.
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| hematuria | is the presence of blood in the urine.
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| gross hematuria | the urine may look pink, brown, or bright red, and the presence of blood can be detected without magnification.
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| ketonuria | is the presence of ketones in the urine.
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| proteinuria | is an excess of serum protein in the urine and usually a sign of kidney disease.
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| pyuria | is the presence of pus in the urine.
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| urine culture and sensitivity | is an additional laboratory test to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection and to determine which antibiotic would be the most effective treatment.
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| endoscopy | is the visual examination of the interior of a body cavity.
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| endoscope | fiber optic instrument used in an endoscopy examination.
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| arthroscope | used to perform knee surgery.
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| abdominocentesis | is the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity.
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| amniocentesis | is a diagnostic test to evaluate fetal health.
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| cardiocentesis | also known as CARDIOPUNTURE, is the puncture of a chamber of the heart for diagnosis or therapy.
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| pericardiocentesis | is the drawing of fluid form the pericardial sac.
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| thoracentesis | is the puncture of the chest wall to obtain fluid for diagnostic purposes, to drain pleural effusions, or to reexpand a collapsed lung.
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| x-rays | is invisible, has no odor, and cannot be felt.
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| radiographic contrast medium | is a substance used to make visible structures that are otherwise hard to see.
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| radiopaque contrast medium | such as barium sulfate, does not allow the x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film.
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| radiolucent contrast medium | such as air or nitrogen gas, does allow the x-rays to pass through and appears black or dark gray on the resulting film.
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| barium(Ba) | is a radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gestrointestinal(GI) system.
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| intravenous contrast medium | is injected into the vein to make visible the flow of blood through blood vessels and organs.
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| lymphanigiography | is the radiographic examination of the lymphatic vessels after the injection of a contrast medium.
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| radiologis | is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders with x-rays and other forms of radiant energy.
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| radiology | also known as X-RAY/RADIOGRAPHY, is an image of hard-tissue internal structures is created by the exposure of sensitized film to x-radiation.
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| positioning | describes the body placement and the part of the body closest to the film.
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| projection | describes the path that the x-ray beam follows through the body from entrance to exit.
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| anteroposterior projection(AP) | has the patient positioned with the back parallel to it.
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| posteroanterior projection(PA) | has the patient positioned facing the film and parallel to it.
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| lateral projection(Lat) | also known as SIDE VIEW, has the patient positioned at right angles to the film.
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| oblique projection(Obli) | has the patient positioned so the body is slanted sideways to the film.
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| extraoral radiography | as used in dentistry, means that the film is placed outside of the mouth.
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| intraoral radiography | as used in dentistry, means that the film is placed within the mouth.
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| periapical radiographs | which show the entire tooth and some surrounding tissue, are used to detect abnormalities, such as an abcess, at the tip of the root.
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| bitewing radiographs | which show the crowns of teeth in both arches, are used primarily to detect decay(cavities) between the teeth.
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| computed tomography(CT) | also known as COMPUTED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY(CAT), used a thin, fan-shaped x-ray beam that rotates around the patient to produce muliple cross-sectional views of the body.
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| magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) | uses a combination of radio waves and strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body.
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| closed architecture MRI | also known as HIGHFIELD MRI, patients may be uncomfortable because of the noise generated by the machine and the feeling of being closed in.
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| open architecture MRI | the design of the equipment is less confining and more comfortable for some patients.
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| magnetic resonance angiography(MRA) | also known as MR ANGIO, shows veins and arteries without the injection of contrast material or dye.
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| fluoroscopy | is used to visualize body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen.
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| cineradiography | is the recording of images as they appear in motion on the fluorescent screen.
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| diagnostic ultrasound | also known as ULTRASONOGRAPHY, is imaging of deep body structures by recording the echoes of pulses of sound waves above the range of human hearing.
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| nuclear medicine | also known as RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING, is used for both diagnosis and treatment.
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| radiopharmcetuicals | is injected or inhaled into the body and taken up(absorbed) by a particular organ.
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| radionuclide tracer | also known as RADIOACTIVE TRACER, wich is specific to the body system being examined.
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| nuclear scan | also known as SCINTIGRAM, uses nuclear medicine technology to gather information about the structure and function of organs or systems that cannot be seen on conventional x-rays.
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| bone scan | the radionuclide tracer is injected into the bloodstream, and then the patient waits while the material travels through the body tissues.
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| thyroid scan | a radiopharmaceutical containing radioactive iodine is administered.
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| single photon emmision computed tomography(SPECT) | is a nuclear imaging technique in which pictures are taken by on to three gamma cameras after a radionuclide tracer has been injected into the blood.
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| gamma cameras | also known as DETECTORS, rotate around the patients body, collecting data and producing images on a variety of planes.
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| perfusion | is the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ.
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| positron emission tomography(PET) | combines tomography with radionuclide tracers to produce enhanced images of selected body organs or areas.
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| radioimmunoassay | also known as RADIOASSAY, is a laboratory technique ni which a radioactively labeled substance is mixed with a blood specimen.
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| assay | means to determine the amount of a particular substance in a mixture.
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| immunofluorescence | is a mehtod of tagging antibodies with a fluorescent dye to detect or localize antigen-antibody combinations.
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| pharmacology | is the study of the nature uses, and effects of drugs for medical purposes.
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| pharmacist | is a specialist who is licensed in formulation and dispensing medicine.
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| prescription(Rx) | is an order for medication, therapy, or a therapeutic device given(usually in writing) by an authorized perston to a person properly authorized to dispense or perform the order.
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| prescription drug | is a medication that may be dispensed only with a prescription from an appropriately licensed professional such as a physician or dentist.
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| over-the-counter drug(OTC) | is a medication that may be dispensed without a written prescription.
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| generic drug | is usually named for its chemical structure and is not protected by a brand name or trademark.
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| brand name | drug is sold under the name given the drug by the manufacturer. brand name is always spelled with a capital letter.
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| addiction | is compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a substance, habit, or pratice to the degree that stopping causes severe emotional, mental, or physiologic reactions.
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| adverse drug reaction(ADR) | also known as a SIDE EFFECT/ADVERSE DRUG EVENT(ADE), is an undesirable drug response that accompanies the principal response for which the drug is taken.
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| compliance | is the patients consistency and accuracy in following the regimen prescribed by a physician or other healthcare professional.
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| regimen | means directions or rules.
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| contraindication | is a factor in the patients condition that makes the use of a drug dangerous or ill advised.
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| drug interaction | occurs when the effect of one drug is modified(changed) when it is administered at the same time as another drug.
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| idiosyncratic reaction | is an unexpected reaction to a drug.
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| palliative | is a substance that eases the pain or severity of a disease but does not cure it.
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| placebo | is a substance containing no active ingredients that is given for its suggestive effects.
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| potentiation | also known as SYNERGISM, is a drug interaction that occurs when the effect of one drug is potentiated(increased) by another druge.
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| inhalation administration | refers to vapor and gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs.
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| oral administration | refers to drugs taken by mouth to be absorbed from the stomach or small intestine.
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| enteric coating | is applied to some tablets or capsules to prevent the release and absorptio of their contents until they reach the small intestine.
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| percutaneous treatment | means to procedure performed through the skin.
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| rectal administration | is the insertion of medication in the rectum by use of either suppositories or liquid solutions.
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| sublingual administration | the medication is placed under the tongue and allowed to dissove slowly. once dissolved, the medication is quickly absorbed through the sublingual tissue directly into the bloodstream.
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| topical administration | refers to the durgs, such as lotions, ointments, and eyedrops, that are applied for local action.
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| transdermal delivery | is a method of applying a drug to unbroken skin via a patch worn on the patiens skin.
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| parenteral administration | is the administration of medication by injection through a HYPODERMIC SYRINGE.
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| intramuscular injection(IM) | is made directly into the muscle tissue.
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| subcutaneous injection(SC) | is made into the fatty layer just below the skin.
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| intravenous injection(IV) | is made directly into a vein.
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| intradermal injection(ID) | is made into the middle layers of the skin.
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Created by:
caprinag1994
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