anatomy final1
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| List the 5 special senses | Olfaction
Gustation
Vision
Equilibrium
Hearing
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| Requirement for olfactory receptors to be stimulated: | only water soluble & lipid soluble
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| Odorants: | chemicals that stimulate olfactory receptors
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| filiform (thread) papillae: | provide friction; helps move objects around in the mouth; no taste buds.
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| Fungifarm (fungus)papillae: | contains about 5 taste buds
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| Circumvallate (around + wall) papillae: | large; may have 100 taste buds; occur in a “V” near the posterior margin of the tongue.
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| Tarsal glands (Meibomian): | unusually large sebaceous glands; secrete a lipid richproducts that keep the eyelids from sticking together
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| Chalazion; | cyst caused by a bacterial infection
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| Sty; | painful localized swelling
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| Conjunctivia: . | epithelium covering theinner surfaces of the eyelids & the outer surface of the eye;
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| Conjunctivitis; | pinkeye
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| Diabetic retinopathy: | develops over years in individuals with diabetes mellitus; results from blockage of small retinal BV followed by excessive growth of abnormal blood vessels that invade the retina & extend into the space between the pigment layer & the inner neural layer.
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| Cones: | provide bright light color vision.
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| Rods: | highly light sensitive; allow vision in dimly lit conditions.
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| Blind spot: | optic disc; origin of the optic nerve; light striking this area goes unnoticed.
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| Glaucoma: | occurs if aqueous humor cannot drain; pressure increases and the
Pressure pushes the optic nerve outward, damaging its nerve fibers.
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| *Cataracts: | loss of transparency of the lens; may be caused by injury, radiation,reaction to drugs or a natural consequence of age (senile cataracts).
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| *Accommodation: | focusing on images by changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal length constant.
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| *Visual acuity: Scotomas: Floaters: | *Visual acuity: clarity of vision
Scotomas: abnormal blind spots
Floaters: small spots that drift across the field of vision
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| Rhodopsin (visual purple): | its derivatives are the visual pigments;visual pigment found in rods; consists of opsin (protein) bound to retinal (synthesized from VitaminA).
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| Night blindness: | when the dim light proves insufficient to activitate the rods.
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| Dark adapted | (when the visual pigments have recovered from photobleaching) & light adapted state (when the rate of bleaching is balanced by the rate at which visual pigments re-form)
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| Circadian Rhythm: | visual information received by the pineal gland that is used to establish a daily pattern tied to the day-night cycle
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| Equilibrium sensations: | originate within the inner ear Inform us of the position of the head in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration, & rotation.
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| Hearing: | involves the detection & interpretation of sound waves.Enables us to detect & interpret sound waves.
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| Motion sickness: | suggestions for causes include that when central processing centers receive conflicting sensory information.
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| Inner ear: | has receptors that provide equilibrium & hearing.
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| Conductive deafness: | results from conditions in the outer or middle ear that blocks the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
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| Nystagmus: | abnormal eye movements that may appear after damage to the brain stem or inner ear.
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| Thin Skin: Thick skin: | covers most of the body
occurs on the palms of the hands & soles of the feet; has a 5th layer(stratum lucidium)
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| dendritic (Langerhans cells)which | participate in the immune response.
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| (insensible perspiration; | sensible perspiration is produced by sweat glands).
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| Insensible perspiration: | when water from interstitial fluids that slowly penetrates to the surface & evaporates into surrounding air.
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| Blisters: | occur if there is damage to the epidermis; breaks connections between the superficial layers and deep layers of the epidermis and fluid from insensible perspiration collects.
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| *Xerosis: | excessively dry skin caused by severe burns.
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| Malignant melanoma: | skin cancer.
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| Lentigos: | similar to freckles but have regular borders and contain abnormal melanocytes; senile lentigos (liver spots) develop in older individuals.
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| Melanin:. | brown, yellow brown or black pigment produced by melanocytes
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| Freckles: | caused by localized differences in the rates of melanin production; freckles are small pigmented areas on relatively paler skin.
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| Melanin protects your skin from | UV exposure.
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| Basal cell carcinoma: | most common; originates in stratum germinativum; usually due Chronic UV exposure; metastasis seldom occurs in squamous Cell carcinomoas & virtually never in basal cell carcinomonas
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| Malignant melanomas: | extremely dangerous; cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly & Metastasize through the lymphoid system; early diagnosis is Essential to a good survival rate; examine your skin regularly Using ABCD; asymmetry, border, color, diameter; use Sunblocks.
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| Rickets: | caused by Vitamin D deficiency; results in the bending of abnormally weak & Flexible bones under the weight of the body.
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| Dermatitis: | inflammation of the skin primarily the papillary layer; may produce An itch (poison ivy) or painful & spreading across the entire integument.
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| Ulcers: | localized shedding of an epithelium;
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| Necrosis | (cell death) may occur with inadequate blood flow.
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| decubitis ulcers | (bedsores) result from Restricted circulation such as when splint, cast or lying in bed continuously Compresses superficial blood vessels.
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| Merkel cells: | sensory terminals (tactile discs) monitor these cells.
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| HAIR IS COMPOSED OF | KERATINIZED DEAD CELLS THAT HAVE BEEN PUSHED TO THE SURFACE
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| Vellus hairs: | peach fuzz” hairs located over much of the body.
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| Terminal hairs: | heavy more deeply pigmented & sometimes Curly; hair on your head, including eyebrows & eyelashes
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| Apocrine glands: | produce a sticky, cloudy, potentially odorous Secretion; found in the armpits, around the Nipples, & the pubic region.
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| Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands: | more numerous, smaller & More widely distributed; found in most Abundance on the palms & soles; produce Sensible perspiration.
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| Third degree: | full thickness burns; destroys epidermis and dermis
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| Sepsis: | dangerous, widespread bacterial infection; leading cause of death in burn patients.
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| Nails: | keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers & toes.
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| Keloid: | areas of raised fibrous scar tissue
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| General Senses: | provide information about the body & the environment; used to describe our sensitivity to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration & proprioception
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| Special Senses: | olfaction (smell), vision (sight), gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance), & hearing
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| Somatic Motor Pathways: | consist of motor nuclei, tracts & nerves.
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| Sensory Pathways: | the nerves, nuclei, & tracts that deliver somatic & visceral sensory information to their final destinations inside the CNS.
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| Sensory Receptors: | specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or the external environment
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| Perception: | conscious awareness of a sensation.
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| Nociceptors: | pain receptors; especially common in the superficial portions of the skin, in joint capsules, within the periosteal of bones & around the walls of blood vessels.
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| Mechanoreceptors: | sensitive to stimuli that distort their plasma membrane; contain mechanically gated ion channels; these gates open in response to stretching, compression, twisting or other distortions of the membrane.
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| Somatic Sensory Pathways: | carry sensory information from the skin & musculature of the body wall, head, neck & limbs
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| Spinothalmic Pathway: | carries sensations of poorly localized touch, pressure, pain, & Temperature
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| Referred Pain: | pain felt in an uninjured part of the body when the pain actually originates at another location.
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| Posterior Column Pathway: | carries sensations of precise touch & vibrations, & proprioception
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| **Decussation: | crossing of an axon from the left side to the right side or from the right side to the left side.
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| Medial lemniscus: | tract entered once an axon has crossed to the other side.
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| Spinocerebellar Pathway: | conveys information about muscle, tendon & joint positions from the spine to the cerebellum.
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| Corticospinal Pathway: (pyramidal system); | provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles; begins at the pyramidal cells of the primary motor cortex.
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| Cerebral Palsy: | affect voluntary motor performance; appear during infancy or childhood & persist throughout the life of the affected individual; premature or unusually stressful birth, exposure to drugs a genetic defect improper development of motor pathways.
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| Extrapyramidal System: | centers in the cerebrum, diencephalon, & brain stem that may issue motor commands as a result of processing performed at a subconscious level.
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| The Basal Nuclei: | Provide background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities.
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| Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease); | progressive, degenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem & cerebral hemispheres; causes atrophy of the associated skeletal muscles; affects both upper & lower motor neurons.
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| Cerebellum: | monitors proprioceptive 9position) sensations, visual information from the eyes, & vestibular (balance) sensations from the internal ear as movements are under way.
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| Anencephaly: | rare condition in which the brain fails to develop at levels above the midbrain or lower diencephalon.
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| Autonomic Nervous System |
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| Physiology |
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| Ischemia |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Osteoblasts |
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| Osteoclasts |
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| Denaturation |
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| Herniated disc |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Luxation |
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| Sliding filament theory |
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| Anatomy |
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| Blood brain barrier |
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