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anatomy final1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the 5 special senses | Olfaction Gustation Vision Equilibrium Hearing |
| Requirement for olfactory receptors to be stimulated: | only water soluble & lipid soluble |
| Odorants: | chemicals that stimulate olfactory receptors |
| filiform (thread) papillae: | provide friction; helps move objects around in the mouth; no taste buds. |
| Fungifarm (fungus)papillae: | contains about 5 taste buds |
| Circumvallate (around + wall) papillae: | large; may have 100 taste buds; occur in a “V” near the posterior margin of the tongue. |
| Tarsal glands (Meibomian): | unusually large sebaceous glands; secrete a lipid richproducts that keep the eyelids from sticking together |
| Chalazion; | cyst caused by a bacterial infection |
| Sty; | painful localized swelling |
| Conjunctivia: . | epithelium covering theinner surfaces of the eyelids & the outer surface of the eye; |
| Conjunctivitis; | pinkeye |
| Diabetic retinopathy: | develops over years in individuals with diabetes mellitus; results from blockage of small retinal BV followed by excessive growth of abnormal blood vessels that invade the retina & extend into the space between the pigment layer & the inner neural layer. |
| Cones: | provide bright light color vision. |
| Rods: | highly light sensitive; allow vision in dimly lit conditions. |
| Blind spot: | optic disc; origin of the optic nerve; light striking this area goes unnoticed. |
| Glaucoma: | occurs if aqueous humor cannot drain; pressure increases and the Pressure pushes the optic nerve outward, damaging its nerve fibers. |
| *Cataracts: | loss of transparency of the lens; may be caused by injury, radiation,reaction to drugs or a natural consequence of age (senile cataracts). |
| *Accommodation: | focusing on images by changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal length constant. |
| *Visual acuity: Scotomas: Floaters: | *Visual acuity: clarity of vision Scotomas: abnormal blind spots Floaters: small spots that drift across the field of vision |
| Rhodopsin (visual purple): | its derivatives are the visual pigments;visual pigment found in rods; consists of opsin (protein) bound to retinal (synthesized from VitaminA). |
| Night blindness: | when the dim light proves insufficient to activitate the rods. |
| Dark adapted | (when the visual pigments have recovered from photobleaching) & light adapted state (when the rate of bleaching is balanced by the rate at which visual pigments re-form) |
| Circadian Rhythm: | visual information received by the pineal gland that is used to establish a daily pattern tied to the day-night cycle |
| Equilibrium sensations: | originate within the inner ear Inform us of the position of the head in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration, & rotation. |
| Hearing: | involves the detection & interpretation of sound waves.Enables us to detect & interpret sound waves. |
| Motion sickness: | suggestions for causes include that when central processing centers receive conflicting sensory information. |
| Inner ear: | has receptors that provide equilibrium & hearing. |
| Conductive deafness: | results from conditions in the outer or middle ear that blocks the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. |
| Nystagmus: | abnormal eye movements that may appear after damage to the brain stem or inner ear. |
| Thin Skin: Thick skin: | covers most of the body occurs on the palms of the hands & soles of the feet; has a 5th layer(stratum lucidium) |
| dendritic (Langerhans cells)which | participate in the immune response. |
| (insensible perspiration; | sensible perspiration is produced by sweat glands). |
| Insensible perspiration: | when water from interstitial fluids that slowly penetrates to the surface & evaporates into surrounding air. |
| Blisters: | occur if there is damage to the epidermis; breaks connections between the superficial layers and deep layers of the epidermis and fluid from insensible perspiration collects. |
| *Xerosis: | excessively dry skin caused by severe burns. |
| Malignant melanoma: | skin cancer. |
| Lentigos: | similar to freckles but have regular borders and contain abnormal melanocytes; senile lentigos (liver spots) develop in older individuals. |
| Melanin:. | brown, yellow brown or black pigment produced by melanocytes |
| Freckles: | caused by localized differences in the rates of melanin production; freckles are small pigmented areas on relatively paler skin. |
| Melanin protects your skin from | UV exposure. |
| Basal cell carcinoma: | most common; originates in stratum germinativum; usually due Chronic UV exposure; metastasis seldom occurs in squamous Cell carcinomoas & virtually never in basal cell carcinomonas |
| Malignant melanomas: | extremely dangerous; cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly & Metastasize through the lymphoid system; early diagnosis is Essential to a good survival rate; examine your skin regularly Using ABCD; asymmetry, border, color, diameter; use Sunblocks. |
| Rickets: | caused by Vitamin D deficiency; results in the bending of abnormally weak & Flexible bones under the weight of the body. |
| Dermatitis: | inflammation of the skin primarily the papillary layer; may produce An itch (poison ivy) or painful & spreading across the entire integument. |
| Ulcers: | localized shedding of an epithelium; |
| Necrosis | (cell death) may occur with inadequate blood flow. |
| decubitis ulcers | (bedsores) result from Restricted circulation such as when splint, cast or lying in bed continuously Compresses superficial blood vessels. |
| Merkel cells: | sensory terminals (tactile discs) monitor these cells. |
| HAIR IS COMPOSED OF | KERATINIZED DEAD CELLS THAT HAVE BEEN PUSHED TO THE SURFACE |
| Vellus hairs: | peach fuzz” hairs located over much of the body. |
| Terminal hairs: | heavy more deeply pigmented & sometimes Curly; hair on your head, including eyebrows & eyelashes |
| Apocrine glands: | produce a sticky, cloudy, potentially odorous Secretion; found in the armpits, around the Nipples, & the pubic region. |
| Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands: | more numerous, smaller & More widely distributed; found in most Abundance on the palms & soles; produce Sensible perspiration. |
| Third degree: | full thickness burns; destroys epidermis and dermis |
| Sepsis: | dangerous, widespread bacterial infection; leading cause of death in burn patients. |
| Nails: | keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers & toes. |
| Keloid: | areas of raised fibrous scar tissue |
| General Senses: | provide information about the body & the environment; used to describe our sensitivity to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration & proprioception |
| Special Senses: | olfaction (smell), vision (sight), gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance), & hearing |
| Somatic Motor Pathways: | consist of motor nuclei, tracts & nerves. |
| Sensory Pathways: | the nerves, nuclei, & tracts that deliver somatic & visceral sensory information to their final destinations inside the CNS. |
| Sensory Receptors: | specialized cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or the external environment |
| Perception: | conscious awareness of a sensation. |
| Nociceptors: | pain receptors; especially common in the superficial portions of the skin, in joint capsules, within the periosteal of bones & around the walls of blood vessels. |
| Mechanoreceptors: | sensitive to stimuli that distort their plasma membrane; contain mechanically gated ion channels; these gates open in response to stretching, compression, twisting or other distortions of the membrane. |
| Somatic Sensory Pathways: | carry sensory information from the skin & musculature of the body wall, head, neck & limbs |
| Spinothalmic Pathway: | carries sensations of poorly localized touch, pressure, pain, & Temperature |
| Referred Pain: | pain felt in an uninjured part of the body when the pain actually originates at another location. |
| Posterior Column Pathway: | carries sensations of precise touch & vibrations, & proprioception |
| **Decussation: | crossing of an axon from the left side to the right side or from the right side to the left side. |
| Medial lemniscus: | tract entered once an axon has crossed to the other side. |
| Spinocerebellar Pathway: | conveys information about muscle, tendon & joint positions from the spine to the cerebellum. |
| Corticospinal Pathway: (pyramidal system); | provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles; begins at the pyramidal cells of the primary motor cortex. |
| Cerebral Palsy: | affect voluntary motor performance; appear during infancy or childhood & persist throughout the life of the affected individual; premature or unusually stressful birth, exposure to drugs a genetic defect improper development of motor pathways. |
| Extrapyramidal System: | centers in the cerebrum, diencephalon, & brain stem that may issue motor commands as a result of processing performed at a subconscious level. |
| The Basal Nuclei: | Provide background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities. |
| Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease); | progressive, degenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem & cerebral hemispheres; causes atrophy of the associated skeletal muscles; affects both upper & lower motor neurons. |
| Cerebellum: | monitors proprioceptive 9position) sensations, visual information from the eyes, & vestibular (balance) sensations from the internal ear as movements are under way. |
| Anencephaly: | rare condition in which the brain fails to develop at levels above the midbrain or lower diencephalon. |
| Autonomic Nervous System | |
| Physiology | |
| Ischemia | |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | |
| Osteoblasts | |
| Osteoclasts | |
| Denaturation | |
| Herniated disc | |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | |
| Luxation | |
| Sliding filament theory | |
| Anatomy | |
| Blood brain barrier |
Created by:
katie.nelson8
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