Microbiology note cards
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| show | UGA
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| show | genetics
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| The term used for how genes are passed from one generation to the next is called what? | show 🗑
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| show | genome
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| show | chromosome
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| show | diploid
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| Prokaryotes are __________; meaning they containe 1 copy of each chromosome. | show 🗑
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| How many genes are in an average bacterium? | show 🗑
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| show | 50000
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| A bacterium lacking mutations and had a capsule is called what? | show 🗑
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| show | Insertions and deletions
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| What rid the cell of unwanted protiens? | show 🗑
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| What type of systems have fine control over how much expression occurs? | show 🗑
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| What turn on expression while repressible systems turn them off? | show 🗑
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| What is associated with repressible operons where the end product of the operon pathway makes a complex with the aporepressor to inhibit transcription? | show 🗑
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| When do bacteria usually regulate gene expression? | show 🗑
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| The overall process of changing the normal genetic character of an individual or providing new gene products is called what? | show 🗑
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| When a virus carries foreign DNA we use the term_________. | show 🗑
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| A _______ _______ is a virus used in gene therapy to deliver a gene with proper activity to host cells that need the gene. | show 🗑
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| show | Recombinant DNA technology
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| show | Heterotrophs
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| show | Conjugation
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| DNase affects which type of gene transfer? | show 🗑
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| show | Integrate itself into the donor bacterial chromosome
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| show | Transduction
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| What type of gene transfer transports naked DNA through a cell membrane? | show 🗑
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| show | Conjugation
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| show | AMES test
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| When a system is mutationally always turned on and cannot be turned off, it is said to be what? | show 🗑
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| show | regulatory mutant
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| _______ __________ are gene sequences that code for actual protiens. | show 🗑
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| show | auxotrophs
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| show | phenotype
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| __________ are only used when we know the exact gene that is mutated. | show 🗑
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| show | induced mutations
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| show | Spontaneous Mutations
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| show | mutagens
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| What causes spontaneous genetic changes? | show 🗑
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| show | nonsense mutations
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| show | gene therapy
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| DNA Polymerase have a very low error rate (about one in 10 to the tenth power) due to its ability to do what? | show 🗑
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| show | DNA polymerase
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| The enzymatic process of making another copy, or duplicate, is called what? | show 🗑
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| show | Complementary DNA
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| show | Hershey and Chase
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| show | DNase
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| What is the name of the process (Fredrick Griffith named this process) which showed that genes can functionally affect the character of cells, and that genes can be transferred frome one cell to another? | show 🗑
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| show | Mutant
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| Glycolysis yields ______ ATP's, while the Krebs Cycle coupled with electron transport yields _______ ATP's. | show 🗑
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| This method counts the number of living and nonliving cells and tells us how many cells were produced; what is this method called? | show 🗑
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| show | Autotrophs
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| Pyruvate is further taken apart in the ____ _____, which uses oxygen to degrade the carbon completely to CO2, water, ATP and NRG containing electrons that are passed to the electron transport chain. | show 🗑
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| This scientist is known for using antiseptics and disinfectants during surgery and on wounds. | show 🗑
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| show | two, pyruvic acid, two
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| show | broths
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| show | Biotechnology
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| Bacteria that have a mutation so that it can no longer make a given vitamin are called what? | show 🗑
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| show | Polar
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| show | osmotic pressure
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| show | 1-4 microns
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| show | a gene
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| Bacterial cells grow by dividing and forming 2 progeny cells that are equal to the original cell, what is this process called? | show 🗑
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| What type of microscopy is described as, the scattered electrons leave dark areas that reflect the viral outline on the viewing screen? | show 🗑
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| show | the cytopathic effect
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| Name the bacteria that were once considered aglae, they confer a bad taste to drinking water. | show 🗑
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| What is the term used for organisms incapable of growing outside of a host cell? | show 🗑
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| These typically comprise 100-600 amino acid residues. | show 🗑
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| show | Prokaryotes
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| show | A medium
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| show | Everywhere except on items that are rendered sterile.
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| In RNA, Thymidine is replaced by what? | show 🗑
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| This scientist is known for promoting handwashing. | show 🗑
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| In the second phase, the cells start to multiply by doubling every, perhaps 30minutes. This phase is called what? Appx. how long does this phase last? | show 🗑
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| show | Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
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| What insect is know for transmitting trench fever, epidemic typhus, and relapsing fever? | show 🗑
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| When bacteria are picked from a petri dish and placed into fresh broth, they do not multiply at first. This phase is called what? How long (appx) does this phase last? | show 🗑
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| What type of medium is generally used for the isolation of human pathogens from body sites such as the throat? | show 🗑
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| ________ supply an excess of OH- ions, making the solution ________. | show 🗑
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| show | rabies and anthrax, Louis Pasteur
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| Fleas are known to transmit what two diseases? | show 🗑
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| Spongeform encephalopathy in humans is called what? It is also widely know as bovine spongiform encephalopathy which is also termed __________. | show 🗑
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| show | deoxyribonucleic acid, double
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| These are a type of lipid that are useful targets for abx treatment of fungi because fungal and animal lipds vary. | show 🗑
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| show | Neutral
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| show | lysozyme and PCN, Alexander Fleming
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| show | 20
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| show | Archea and bacteria
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| The tick, Ixodes scapularis transmits the bacterial spirochete called what? | show 🗑
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| show | Phytophthora infestans
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| This scientist developed 4 requirements to establish an organism as cause of a disease and what is the name of this process? | show 🗑
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| Some bacteria can use salts found in rock as an energy source and are thus capable of What? | show 🗑
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| __________ bacteria capture energy from light into chlorophyll-like chemicals. | show 🗑
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| show | nucleic acid
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| show | Fermentation
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| show | nonsynthetic or complex media
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| When microscopically observable dark areas of virus particles accumulate, the accumulations are called what? | show 🗑
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| show | adsorption
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| When sugars are polymerized into long chains, like beads on a string, they are called what? | show 🗑
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| show | Adenind (A) to Thymidine (T) and Cytosine (C) to Guanine (G)
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| show | non polar
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| What does BHI stand for when making mediums? | show 🗑
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| show | exponential growth
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| When we add additional nutrients to media it is called a what? | show 🗑
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| Bacteria that absolutly need oxygen to grow are called what? | show 🗑
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| A rod shaped cell is called a what? | show 🗑
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| show | Enzymes
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| Name the seven levels of taxa---- | show 🗑
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| show | Dark field microscopy
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| show | Sarcoptes scabiei
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| show | Taxonomy
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| show | Iatrogenic disease
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| Standard paseurization is how many minutes or seconds and how many degrees celcius? | show 🗑
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| Flash pasteurization is how many min/sec and how many degrees celcius? | show 🗑
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| show | 3 seconds and 82 degrees C.
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| show | Pasteurization
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| show | 0.1
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| The effectiveness of a new disinfectant is measured against the effectiveness of phenol, this is called what? | show 🗑
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| What substance is considered the gold standard for disinfectants? | show 🗑
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| show | The 70/30 solution
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| Name the 3 halide disinfectant chemicals? | show 🗑
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| show | aldehydes, alcohols, iodides, chlorine bleaches
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| show | static (bacteriostatic or fungistatic)
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| Disinfectants that show preferential killing are called what? | show 🗑
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| show | Disinfectants
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| Whatis the term used for chemicals that can be used on human flesh? | show 🗑
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| What types of things would we use ultrafiltration for? | show 🗑
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| show | Used for materials that we don't want to get wet
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| What chemical is used in a chemiclave? | show 🗑
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| show | Temp 121 degrees Celcius, pressure 15 lbs, time 15 minutes
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| show | Chemiclave
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| show | Autoclave
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| What process reduces the number of viable living organisms on an object? | show 🗑
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| show | Sterilization
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| What term is used when an object is treated to reduce microbes to a safe level? | show 🗑
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| What is working with out contamination called? | show 🗑
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| show | anaerobes
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| Molecules in solution are always bouncing around off one another in a process called what? | show 🗑
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| show | Scanning Electron Microscopy
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| show | Acid
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| The tick, Dermacentor andersoni, transmits which disease? | show 🗑
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| What is the scientist's name that made the first microscope? | show 🗑
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| show | syncytia formations
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| What do we call viruses that carry out transcription in reverse? | show 🗑
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| show | Serovars
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| Media that consist of completely known chemicals are called what? | show 🗑
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| show | A Biovar
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| Thousands of genes make up a single piece of double stranded DNA called a what? | show 🗑
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| show | The DNA containing Nuclei
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| Bacteria with three layered cell walls are called what? | show 🗑
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| Bacteria with two layered cell envelopes are called what? | show 🗑
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| The naming system for organisms always includes the organism's genus and species and is referred to as what? | show 🗑
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| show | 30s+50S equalling 70S
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| show | 40S+60S equalling 80S
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| What are enzymes called that perform translation? | show 🗑
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| show | In the Cytoplasm
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| A comma shaped cell is called what? | show 🗑
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| show | A Spirochete
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| show | Transcription
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| The presence of ample amino acid (such as serine) signals the cell to save energy by not synthesizing more. This process is called what? | show 🗑
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| show | RNA polymerase
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| show | An Operon
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| show | mRNA
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| show | Ribosomes
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| show | Codon
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| This is a process of rRNA's translating the mRNA codons into protiens by polymerizing the correct amino acids in the correct order, what is this process called? | show 🗑
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| show | Lipids
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| This scientist performed the world's first vaccination. Who is he, and what disease was the vaccine for? | show 🗑
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| show | aerobes
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| show | Alkaline
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| Enzymatic processes generally occur more rapidly at ___________ temps. | show 🗑
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| _________ supply an excess of H+ ions that make the water solution ___________. | show 🗑
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| A spherical cell is called what? | show 🗑
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| The last phase is called the ______ ______ or ________ _________ because the cells are not receiving sufficient energy or nutrients to maintain viability. | show 🗑
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| show | Eukaryotes
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| What technique should we use to prevent contamination? | show 🗑
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| What is the belief that microbes will grow in humans and are the cause of disease that spread from person to person and town to town called? | show 🗑
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| show | Size, shape, color, body parts, growth habitat
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| The third phase in which cells maintain cell numbers but are not able to produce new cells, or they are dying and producing new cells at about the same rate. What is this phase called and about how long can it last? | show 🗑
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| show | microbiology
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| show | Stain or dyes
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| show | Transient
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| What type of organism is one that is at its normal site of growth, or its niche? | show 🗑
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| What type of bacteria are resistant to acid? | show 🗑
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