Cell Cycle (Mitosis/Meiosis) Vocabulary
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| Chromosome | Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins
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| Histone | The DNA in eukaryotic cell wraps tightly around these proteins
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| Chromatid | Each half of the chromosome
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| Centromere | Each chromatid is attached by this
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| Chromatin | Less tightly coiled DNA-protein complex (when not in cell division)
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| Sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine sex
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| Autosomes | All chromosomes that aren't sex chromosomes
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| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same size and shape and carry the same genes for the same traits.
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| Karyotype | photomicrograph of the chromosomes in a normal dividing cell found in a human.
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| Diploid (cells) | Cells with a full set of chromosomes
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| Haploid (cells) | Cells with half the total chromosomes
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| Binary fission | division of prokaryotic cells (DNA copied, cell begins to divide, two identical haploid cells)
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| Mitosis | Occurs after interphase; the reproduction of a cell asexually (only one parent)
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| Meiosis | formation of two gametes
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| Gametes | haploid reproductive cells
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| Interphase | time period between cell division where the cell grows to a mature size (G1), copies its DNA (S[ynthesis] phase), and prepares for division (G2)
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| Cytokinesis | division of a cell's cytoplasm
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| Prophase | First stage of mitosis (centrosomes appear, nuclear membrane goes away, and chromatin tightens up to form chromosomes.
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| Metaphase | Second stage of mitosis (centrosomes, attached with spindle fibers that hold onto the chromosomes at the middle, or kinetochore, move to the poles)
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| Spindle Fibers | Made of microtubules radiate from centrosomes.Note: Polar fibers don't attach to the chromosomes, they seperate them, and kinetochore fibers attach to the kinetochore of a cell.
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| Centriole | organize microtubules of te cytoskeleton during cell division, only found in animals cells
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| Anaphase | Chromatids of each chromosomes separate at the centromere and slowly move, centromere first, to the opposite poles.
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| Telophase | After the chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibers disassemble, and the chromosomes return to a less tightly coiled chromatin state, and nuclear envelopes form in both cells.
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| Cytokinesis (Animals) | The cytoplasm divides and a cleavage furrow forms, then the cell splits.
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| Cytokinesis (plants) | A cell plate (that will turn into a cell wall) forms between each cell and pushes them away from eachother, splitting the cell.
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| Cancer | when the cell cycle is out of control
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| Synapsis | pairing of homologous pairs (only in Meiosis)
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| Tetrad | each pair of homologous chromosomes
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| Prophase I/Prophase II | Prophase I the tetrads crossover genetic material resulting in genetic recombination. Prophase II is just like Prophase in mitosis.
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| Metaphase I/Metaphase II | Tetrads randomly line up on the midline/just like metaphase in mitosis
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| Anaphase I/Anaphase II | Each homologou chromosome (two chromatids) are poled to opposite poles. This random seperation is called INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT. Anaphase II the chromatids seperate.
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| Telophase I/Telophase II | When the chromosomes reach opposite poles, cytokinesis begins. Two cells are produced, containing half the number of chromosomes, but two copies (two chromatid)
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| Spermatogenesis | production of sperm cells
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| Oogenesis | production of mature egg cells, or ova
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| Polar bodies | other three products of meiosis called this, will disentegrate (due to uneven division of cytoplasm)
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| Sexual reproduction | production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg cell. offspring are genetically different from their parents.
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Created by:
Molly Turner
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