evolution
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Darwin's contribution- 1859 | The Origin of Species
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Participant during the Voyage of the Beagle - 1831 | Darwin
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2. Lyell's Principles of Geology convinced him | Darwin
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observed geographic distribution of animals | Uniformitarian
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unique animals in different locations | Uniformitarian
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slow constant change | faunal succession
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organisms evolving from less complex forms | faunal succession
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survival based on advantage - natural selection | natural selection
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instinct for self or race preservation | natural selection
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need for food | challenge
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don't become food | response
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organs with the same ancestral origin | homology
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but serve different functions, e.g. bat wings | homology
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relatively small, lacking complexity | vestigial organs
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organs with no function, e.g. whales pelvis | vestigial organs
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similar to functioning organs in others | vestigial organs
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developed from the concept of heredity | genetics
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paired strands containing genetic code | chromosomes
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identified by Mendel as particulate inheritance | chromosomes
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made up of DNA | genes
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concentrated within chromosomes | DNA molecule
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won the Nobel Prize | Crick and Watson, Wilkins
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book Double Helix) | Crick and Watson, Wilkins
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chemical changes in DNA lead to | mutation
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genetic makeup (hereditary character) | genotype
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complete set of genes in an organism | genome
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physical characteristics of individuals | phenotype
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total of all genetic components of an interbreeding | gene pool
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origin of two or more individuals from | speciation
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1st Order - 5-8 events in Earth history | extinction
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2nd Order - ~23 events | extinction
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3rd Order - ~33 events | extinction
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rapid expansions of organisms | evolutionary radiation
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new phyla, classes, orders or families | evolutionary radiation
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less competition in new niches | evolutionary radiation causes
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predators have not adjusted to new organisms | evolutionary radiation causes
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often possible because of extinction of other groups | evolutionary radiation causes
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adaptive breakthroughs - key features providing an edge | evolutionary radiation causes
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destruction of groups of organisms | Rates of Extinction
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average mammal species survives for just 1-2 Ma | Rates of Extinction
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average marine species survives for >10 Ma | Rates of Extinction
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high rates of genera extinctions | mass extiction
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Permo-Triassic ~70% marine genera | largest extinction
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phylogeny of life | ‘Tree of Life’
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new species originate by branching off from others | ‘Tree of Life’
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species cluster in groups with common traits | ‘Tree of Life’
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represent higher taxa - more advanced | clusters
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small clusters become a genus | genus
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genera with similar traits become family | family
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Animalae (animal) | Kingdom
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Chordata (vertebrata - backbone) | phylum
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Mammalia (mammal) | class
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Primate | order
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Hominidae (hominid) | family
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Homo | genus
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sapiens | species
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cluster that shares similar traits derived from a common ancestor; | clade
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research emphasizing branching events in phylogeny | cladistics
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early traits | shared biological traits
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derived traits - evolved later | shared biological traits
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mark branching point in evolution | origin of new traits
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illustrated by a cladogram | origin of new traits
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only shows relatively complete groups | cladogram
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useful approach in developing phylogeny | cladogram
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new species arising from older species | phylogeny
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history of one or more genetically related species | lineages
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an individuals changes - life to death | ontogeny
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change in body size - generally increasing | traits
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greater complexity | traits
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longer legs | horse changes
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extension of finger nail | horse changes
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complex teeth | horse changes
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loss of rear legs | change to whales
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increase in size | change to whales
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body streamlined | change to whales
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front legs converted to flippers | change to whales
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species in lineage gradually change | phyletic gradualism
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operates on the entire population | phyletic gradualism
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what Darwin believed was happening due to Natural Selection | phyletic gradualism
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most changes due to rapid, local speciation | punctuated equilibrium
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longer-lived unchanging lineages | punctuated equilibrium
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history of one or more genetically related species | lineages
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debate in paleontology | punctuated equilibrium versus phyletic gradualism (Natural Selection)
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sharp, distinct speciation | Steven Jay Gould
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evolutionary changes are not reversible | Steven Jay Gould
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that contingency has been a critical governing mechanism, | Steven Jay Gould
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along with ‘survival of the fittest’ (phyletic gradualism, | Steven Jay Gould
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also known as Natural Selection), responsible for the life we see on Earth today. | Steven Jay Gould
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A possible future event that can’t be prevented or predicted (“the luck of the draw” concept | Contingency
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species specialization | Adaptive radiation
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diverge from a common ancestor | divergence
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production of similar forms | convergence
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plants - tree form to compete for light | environmental controls
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do it the best way | adapt to efficiency
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adapt to an already successful organism | mimicry
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different species cannot interbreed and produce viable offspring (which can in turn produce offspring) | species concept
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good only for living organisms | species concept
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extremely difficult problem if organism is extinct | species concept
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paleontologists use morphological traits | species concept
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shape, size, proportions | morphological traits
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many problems e.g. lumpers versus the splitters | morphological traits
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right versus left coiling | shape
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abnormally big or small | size, proportions
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most species (>99.9%) never fossilized | Major Problem
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spontaneous mutation of chromosomes | species changes
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constant, slow | gradualism
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fast | punctuated
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predation driving change - yields physical adaptation | competition
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extinct at one locality | migration
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mindless effects; e.g. seeds are dispersed | dispersion
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carried by winds | Atmospheric
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carried by organisms | Atmospheric
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floating or as attachments to floats | oceanic
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floating larvae stages in marine life cycles | oceanic
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slow changes in an isolated gene pool | isolation
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sexual preference within the same gene pool | Sympatric speciation
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most important evolutionary factor | climate
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temperature | primary factors
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moisture | primary factors
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deserts and jungles as barriers | primary factors
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affects marine, terrestrial organisms | sea level changes
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transgression creates barriers | sea level changes
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regression opens pathways | sea level changes
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in part a climatic effect | glaciation
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glaciers destroy things in their path | glaciation
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cools climate and the deep ocean | glaciation
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mountain building events | diastrophism
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land bridges - e.g. Panama uplift | diastrophism
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barriers against migration | diastrophism
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climate modification | diastrophism
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Plate tectonics | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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changes in climate | Plate tectonics
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isolation of populations | Plate tectonics
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land bridges | Plate tectonics
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Food chain (food webs) disruptions | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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small population size | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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low variability (diversity) | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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narrow adaptation - over specialization | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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isolation | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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competition | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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unrestrained predation | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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disease | Food chain (food webs) disruptions
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Extreme, rapid changes in physical environment | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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atmospheric changes | changes in physical environment
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changing climate | changes in physical environment
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volcanic dust | changing climate
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carbon dioxide | changing climate
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meteor impact dust | changing climate
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compositional changes - CO2; O2 | changing climate
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solar radiation changes | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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sea level changes | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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lethal increases in chemicals | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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acidification of oceans, Greenhouse effects | CO2
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Permo-Triassic extinctions?? | hydrogen sulfide
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nutrient depletion in the oceans | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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cause reduced phytoplankton production due to lack of upwelling; water mass stability lack of upwelling; water mass stability tectonic stability and reduced runoff | nutrient depletion
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6. ice accumulations (loss) - ocean temperature changes and sea-level changes | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions
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low magnetic fields cause strange effects | Magnetic Field Relationships
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extinctions observed near magnetic polarity changes | Magnetic Field Relationships
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during geomagnetic reversals | Cosmic ray effects
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high influx at top of atmosphere - greatest at poles | Magnetic Field Relationships
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mesons, protons, electrons | atomic particles
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effects rapidly reduced by depth of water | Magnetic Field Relationships
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radiation from solar flares | Magnetic Field Relationships
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dumping of Van Allen radiation belts | Magnetic Field Relationships
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atmospheric exposure to the solar wind Solar Wind | Magnetic Field Relationships
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from the Sun - protons and electrons | Plasma stream
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increase in production of radioisotopes at 0 magnetic field | Magnetic Field Relationships
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Killer algae as the ‘kill mechanism’ for 4 of the ‘big 5’ mass extinctions | Controls
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Toxic algal blooms | killer algea
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during planet warming | Controls
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sea level fluctuations | Controls
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excess nutrient supply events; phosphorus and others | Controls
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high CO2 | Controls
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death | Controls
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oxygen depletion by bacteria during decay in oceans | Controls
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anoxia | Controls
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identified with cyanobacteria - stromatolites | anoxia
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toxins produced can kill land organisms | anoxia
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they are volatilized and are absorbed by plants and animals | toxins
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Red Queen Hypothesis (Leigh Van Valen, 1970s) | controls
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evolution and speciation progress at a steady rate | Red Queen Hypothesis
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species do NOT become better adapted | Red Queen Hypothesis
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Tested by Venditti et al., 2010 | Red Queen Hypothesis
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Driving Evolution are steady mutations in organisms | Red Queen Hypothesis
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b. Extinction and Speciation are rare environmental events that cause reproductive isolation | Red Queen Hypothesis
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separation of continents; | reproductive isolation
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genetic change in mating preference; | reproductive isolation
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kingdom, phylum, class, order | modern system
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