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historical geol
evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Darwin's contribution- 1859 | The Origin of Species |
| Participant during the Voyage of the Beagle - 1831 | Darwin |
| 2. Lyell's Principles of Geology convinced him | Darwin |
| observed geographic distribution of animals | Uniformitarian |
| unique animals in different locations | Uniformitarian |
| slow constant change | faunal succession |
| organisms evolving from less complex forms | faunal succession |
| survival based on advantage - natural selection | natural selection |
| instinct for self or race preservation | natural selection |
| need for food | challenge |
| don't become food | response |
| organs with the same ancestral origin | homology |
| but serve different functions, e.g. bat wings | homology |
| relatively small, lacking complexity | vestigial organs |
| organs with no function, e.g. whales pelvis | vestigial organs |
| similar to functioning organs in others | vestigial organs |
| developed from the concept of heredity | genetics |
| paired strands containing genetic code | chromosomes |
| identified by Mendel as particulate inheritance | chromosomes |
| made up of DNA | genes |
| concentrated within chromosomes | DNA molecule |
| won the Nobel Prize | Crick and Watson, Wilkins |
| book Double Helix) | Crick and Watson, Wilkins |
| chemical changes in DNA lead to | mutation |
| genetic makeup (hereditary character) | genotype |
| complete set of genes in an organism | genome |
| physical characteristics of individuals | phenotype |
| total of all genetic components of an interbreeding | gene pool |
| origin of two or more individuals from | speciation |
| 1st Order - 5-8 events in Earth history | extinction |
| 2nd Order - ~23 events | extinction |
| 3rd Order - ~33 events | extinction |
| rapid expansions of organisms | evolutionary radiation |
| new phyla, classes, orders or families | evolutionary radiation |
| less competition in new niches | evolutionary radiation causes |
| predators have not adjusted to new organisms | evolutionary radiation causes |
| often possible because of extinction of other groups | evolutionary radiation causes |
| adaptive breakthroughs - key features providing an edge | evolutionary radiation causes |
| destruction of groups of organisms | Rates of Extinction |
| average mammal species survives for just 1-2 Ma | Rates of Extinction |
| average marine species survives for >10 Ma | Rates of Extinction |
| high rates of genera extinctions | mass extiction |
| Permo-Triassic ~70% marine genera | largest extinction |
| phylogeny of life | ‘Tree of Life’ |
| new species originate by branching off from others | ‘Tree of Life’ |
| species cluster in groups with common traits | ‘Tree of Life’ |
| represent higher taxa - more advanced | clusters |
| small clusters become a genus | genus |
| genera with similar traits become family | family |
| Animalae (animal) | Kingdom |
| Chordata (vertebrata - backbone) | phylum |
| Mammalia (mammal) | class |
| Primate | order |
| Hominidae (hominid) | family |
| Homo | genus |
| sapiens | species |
| cluster that shares similar traits derived from a common ancestor; | clade |
| research emphasizing branching events in phylogeny | cladistics |
| early traits | shared biological traits |
| derived traits - evolved later | shared biological traits |
| mark branching point in evolution | origin of new traits |
| illustrated by a cladogram | origin of new traits |
| only shows relatively complete groups | cladogram |
| useful approach in developing phylogeny | cladogram |
| new species arising from older species | phylogeny |
| history of one or more genetically related species | lineages |
| an individuals changes - life to death | ontogeny |
| change in body size - generally increasing | traits |
| greater complexity | traits |
| longer legs | horse changes |
| extension of finger nail | horse changes |
| complex teeth | horse changes |
| loss of rear legs | change to whales |
| increase in size | change to whales |
| body streamlined | change to whales |
| front legs converted to flippers | change to whales |
| species in lineage gradually change | phyletic gradualism |
| operates on the entire population | phyletic gradualism |
| what Darwin believed was happening due to Natural Selection | phyletic gradualism |
| most changes due to rapid, local speciation | punctuated equilibrium |
| longer-lived unchanging lineages | punctuated equilibrium |
| history of one or more genetically related species | lineages |
| debate in paleontology | punctuated equilibrium versus phyletic gradualism (Natural Selection) |
| sharp, distinct speciation | Steven Jay Gould |
| evolutionary changes are not reversible | Steven Jay Gould |
| that contingency has been a critical governing mechanism, | Steven Jay Gould |
| along with ‘survival of the fittest’ (phyletic gradualism, | Steven Jay Gould |
| also known as Natural Selection), responsible for the life we see on Earth today. | Steven Jay Gould |
| A possible future event that can’t be prevented or predicted (“the luck of the draw” concept | Contingency |
| species specialization | Adaptive radiation |
| diverge from a common ancestor | divergence |
| production of similar forms | convergence |
| plants - tree form to compete for light | environmental controls |
| do it the best way | adapt to efficiency |
| adapt to an already successful organism | mimicry |
| different species cannot interbreed and produce viable offspring (which can in turn produce offspring) | species concept |
| good only for living organisms | species concept |
| extremely difficult problem if organism is extinct | species concept |
| paleontologists use morphological traits | species concept |
| shape, size, proportions | morphological traits |
| many problems e.g. lumpers versus the splitters | morphological traits |
| right versus left coiling | shape |
| abnormally big or small | size, proportions |
| most species (>99.9%) never fossilized | Major Problem |
| spontaneous mutation of chromosomes | species changes |
| constant, slow | gradualism |
| fast | punctuated |
| predation driving change - yields physical adaptation | competition |
| extinct at one locality | migration |
| mindless effects; e.g. seeds are dispersed | dispersion |
| carried by winds | Atmospheric |
| carried by organisms | Atmospheric |
| floating or as attachments to floats | oceanic |
| floating larvae stages in marine life cycles | oceanic |
| slow changes in an isolated gene pool | isolation |
| sexual preference within the same gene pool | Sympatric speciation |
| most important evolutionary factor | climate |
| temperature | primary factors |
| moisture | primary factors |
| deserts and jungles as barriers | primary factors |
| affects marine, terrestrial organisms | sea level changes |
| transgression creates barriers | sea level changes |
| regression opens pathways | sea level changes |
| in part a climatic effect | glaciation |
| glaciers destroy things in their path | glaciation |
| cools climate and the deep ocean | glaciation |
| mountain building events | diastrophism |
| land bridges - e.g. Panama uplift | diastrophism |
| barriers against migration | diastrophism |
| climate modification | diastrophism |
| Plate tectonics | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions |
| changes in climate | Plate tectonics |
| isolation of populations | Plate tectonics |
| land bridges | Plate tectonics |
| Food chain (food webs) disruptions | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions |
| small population size | Food chain (food webs) disruptions |
| low variability (diversity) | Food chain (food webs) disruptions |
| narrow adaptation - over specialization | Food chain (food webs) disruptions |
| isolation | Food chain (food webs) disruptions |
| competition | Food chain (food webs) disruptions |
| unrestrained predation | Food chain (food webs) disruptions |
| disease | Food chain (food webs) disruptions |
| Extreme, rapid changes in physical environment | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions |
| atmospheric changes | changes in physical environment |
| changing climate | changes in physical environment |
| volcanic dust | changing climate |
| carbon dioxide | changing climate |
| meteor impact dust | changing climate |
| compositional changes - CO2; O2 | changing climate |
| solar radiation changes | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions |
| sea level changes | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions |
| lethal increases in chemicals | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions |
| acidification of oceans, Greenhouse effects | CO2 |
| Permo-Triassic extinctions?? | hydrogen sulfide |
| nutrient depletion in the oceans | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions |
| cause reduced phytoplankton production due to lack of upwelling; water mass stability lack of upwelling; water mass stability tectonic stability and reduced runoff | nutrient depletion |
| 6. ice accumulations (loss) - ocean temperature changes and sea-level changes | Large scale factors contributing to mass extinctions |
| low magnetic fields cause strange effects | Magnetic Field Relationships |
| extinctions observed near magnetic polarity changes | Magnetic Field Relationships |
| during geomagnetic reversals | Cosmic ray effects |
| high influx at top of atmosphere - greatest at poles | Magnetic Field Relationships |
| mesons, protons, electrons | atomic particles |
| effects rapidly reduced by depth of water | Magnetic Field Relationships |
| radiation from solar flares | Magnetic Field Relationships |
| dumping of Van Allen radiation belts | Magnetic Field Relationships |
| atmospheric exposure to the solar wind Solar Wind | Magnetic Field Relationships |
| from the Sun - protons and electrons | Plasma stream |
| increase in production of radioisotopes at 0 magnetic field | Magnetic Field Relationships |
| Killer algae as the ‘kill mechanism’ for 4 of the ‘big 5’ mass extinctions | Controls |
| Toxic algal blooms | killer algea |
| during planet warming | Controls |
| sea level fluctuations | Controls |
| excess nutrient supply events; phosphorus and others | Controls |
| high CO2 | Controls |
| death | Controls |
| oxygen depletion by bacteria during decay in oceans | Controls |
| anoxia | Controls |
| identified with cyanobacteria - stromatolites | anoxia |
| toxins produced can kill land organisms | anoxia |
| they are volatilized and are absorbed by plants and animals | toxins |
| Red Queen Hypothesis (Leigh Van Valen, 1970s) | controls |
| evolution and speciation progress at a steady rate | Red Queen Hypothesis |
| species do NOT become better adapted | Red Queen Hypothesis |
| Tested by Venditti et al., 2010 | Red Queen Hypothesis |
| Driving Evolution are steady mutations in organisms | Red Queen Hypothesis |
| b. Extinction and Speciation are rare environmental events that cause reproductive isolation | Red Queen Hypothesis |
| separation of continents; | reproductive isolation |
| genetic change in mating preference; | reproductive isolation |
| kingdom, phylum, class, order | modern system |
Created by:
lmulke1
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