Biological Foundations of Behavior
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| The body's electrochemical communication circuitry, made of billions of interconnected cells. | Nervous System
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| The brain's special capacity for modifications and change | Plasticity
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| Sensory nerves that transport information to the brain | Afferent Nerves
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| Motor nerves that carry the brain's output | Efferent Nerves
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| Neural Networks | Network of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output
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| CNS | The brain and spiral chord.
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| PNS | The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. It is divided into the somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system
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| Somatic Nervous System | The division of the PNS consisting of sensory nerves, whose function is to convey information tot he CNS, and motor nerves, whose function is to transmit information to the muscles
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| Automatic Nervous System | The division of PNS that communicates with the body's internal organs and monitors processes such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Include's sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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| Sympathetic NS | The division of the automatic NS that arouses the body.
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| Parasympathetic NS | The division of the automatic NS that calms the body
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| Neurons | Nerves cells that are specialized for processing information. Neurons are the basic units of the NS
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| Glial Cells | Cells that provide support and nutritional benefits in the NS
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| Cell Body | The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substance that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance
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| Dendrites | Branches of a neuron that receive and orient information toward the cell body, most neurons have numerous dendrites
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| Axon | The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body to other cells.
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| Myelin Sheath | The layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons. The myelin sheath speeds up the transmission of the nerve impulses
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| Resting Potential | The stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron
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| Action Potential | The brief waves of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon during transmission of a nerve impulse.
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| All-or-Nothing Principle | The idea that once an electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity , it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any of its intensity.
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| Synapses | Tiny junctions between 2 neurons generally where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites or cell body of another neuron
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| Neurotransmitters | Chemical substances that carry information across the synaptic gap from one neuron to the next
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| Agonist | A drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects.
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| Antagonist | A drug that blocks a neurontransmitter's effects.
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| Reticular formation | A midbrain system that consists of diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotypical behaviors, such as walking, sleeping, breathing
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| Brain stem | The region of the brain that includes much of the hindbrain (excluding the cerebellum) and the midbrain
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| Forebrain | The highest level of of the brain including the limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex
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| Limbic System | Loosely connected network of structures- including the amygdala and hippocampus-that play important roles in memory and emotion.
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| Thalamus | Sorts information and and sends it to appropriate areas in the fore brain for further integration and interpretation
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| Basal Ganglia | Controls and coordinate voluntary movements
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| Hypothalamus | Regulates eating, drinking and sex.
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| Cerebral Cortex | Highest level of the forebrain, where the highest mental functions, such as thinking and planning, take place.
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| Occipital Lobe | In the back of the brain and involved in vision.
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| Temporal Lobe | Involved in hearing, language, processing and memory.
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| Frontal Lobe | Involved in voluntary muscles, intelligence and personality
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| Parietal Lobe | Involved in attention, motor control and registering spatial location
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| Somatosensory Cortex | Area of the cerebral cortex that processes information about body sensations.
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| Motor Cortex | Processes information about voluntary movement
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| Association Cortex | Includes thinking and problem solving
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| Corpus Callosum | The large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres.
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| Endocrine System | A set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream
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| Hormones | Chemical messengers manufactured by the endocrine system
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| Pituitary Gland | An important endocrine gland at the base of the skull that controls growth and regulates other glands
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| Adrenal Gland | Important endocrine glands that are instrumental in regulating moods, energy levels and the ability to cope with stress.
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| Stress | The response of individuals to change in circumstances and events that threaten their coping abilities
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| Stressors | Circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities
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