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PSYC King Chapter 3
Biological Foundations of Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The body's electrochemical communication circuitry, made of billions of interconnected cells. | Nervous System |
| The brain's special capacity for modifications and change | Plasticity |
| Sensory nerves that transport information to the brain | Afferent Nerves |
| Motor nerves that carry the brain's output | Efferent Nerves |
| Neural Networks | Network of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output |
| CNS | The brain and spiral chord. |
| PNS | The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. It is divided into the somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system |
| Somatic Nervous System | The division of the PNS consisting of sensory nerves, whose function is to convey information tot he CNS, and motor nerves, whose function is to transmit information to the muscles |
| Automatic Nervous System | The division of PNS that communicates with the body's internal organs and monitors processes such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Include's sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system |
| Sympathetic NS | The division of the automatic NS that arouses the body. |
| Parasympathetic NS | The division of the automatic NS that calms the body |
| Neurons | Nerves cells that are specialized for processing information. Neurons are the basic units of the NS |
| Glial Cells | Cells that provide support and nutritional benefits in the NS |
| Cell Body | The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substance that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance |
| Dendrites | Branches of a neuron that receive and orient information toward the cell body, most neurons have numerous dendrites |
| Axon | The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body to other cells. |
| Myelin Sheath | The layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons. The myelin sheath speeds up the transmission of the nerve impulses |
| Resting Potential | The stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron |
| Action Potential | The brief waves of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon during transmission of a nerve impulse. |
| All-or-Nothing Principle | The idea that once an electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity , it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any of its intensity. |
| Synapses | Tiny junctions between 2 neurons generally where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites or cell body of another neuron |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical substances that carry information across the synaptic gap from one neuron to the next |
| Agonist | A drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects. |
| Antagonist | A drug that blocks a neurontransmitter's effects. |
| Reticular formation | A midbrain system that consists of diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotypical behaviors, such as walking, sleeping, breathing |
| Brain stem | The region of the brain that includes much of the hindbrain (excluding the cerebellum) and the midbrain |
| Forebrain | The highest level of of the brain including the limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex |
| Limbic System | Loosely connected network of structures- including the amygdala and hippocampus-that play important roles in memory and emotion. |
| Thalamus | Sorts information and and sends it to appropriate areas in the fore brain for further integration and interpretation |
| Basal Ganglia | Controls and coordinate voluntary movements |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates eating, drinking and sex. |
| Cerebral Cortex | Highest level of the forebrain, where the highest mental functions, such as thinking and planning, take place. |
| Occipital Lobe | In the back of the brain and involved in vision. |
| Temporal Lobe | Involved in hearing, language, processing and memory. |
| Frontal Lobe | Involved in voluntary muscles, intelligence and personality |
| Parietal Lobe | Involved in attention, motor control and registering spatial location |
| Somatosensory Cortex | Area of the cerebral cortex that processes information about body sensations. |
| Motor Cortex | Processes information about voluntary movement |
| Association Cortex | Includes thinking and problem solving |
| Corpus Callosum | The large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres. |
| Endocrine System | A set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers manufactured by the endocrine system |
| Pituitary Gland | An important endocrine gland at the base of the skull that controls growth and regulates other glands |
| Adrenal Gland | Important endocrine glands that are instrumental in regulating moods, energy levels and the ability to cope with stress. |
| Stress | The response of individuals to change in circumstances and events that threaten their coping abilities |
| Stressors | Circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities |
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