WGU Thinkwell
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| 4 original facets to Scientific Inquiry | Quantitative Observation; Reasoning Deductively; Experimentation; Communicating Results;
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| When were there ONLY qualitative observations recorded by scientists? | Before 1600's
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| Santorio | 1rst quantitative (measure of medicine)
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| Santorio's 1rst quantitative measurements | weight and temperature of "humors"
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| Humors | Combination of fluids determines a persons's health
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| Roger Bacon | Made process of obervation, hypothesis, experiment, seek independent verification of results, because ancient Greek Scientists (Aristotle) thought flies were formed spontaneously from rotten meat
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| Francis Bacon | falsified spontaneous generation
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| F. Bacon on Hypothesis | Must be fasifiable
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| Central Organization | Created Among Scientist in 17th century for truth by experiment rather than authority
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| Building Blocks of all organism structure and function | Cells
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| emergent prooerties | novel set of properties for each individual level of organization
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| closed systems (water cycle) | predictable path to their processes and completely contained
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| open systems(living things) | less predictable paths to their processes and is not completely contained
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| reductionist view | an attempt to understand the world we live in as a whole through a greater understanding of the observable components
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| Subsystems of an Atom | Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
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| creating a model | When new phenomenon is not understood it is useful to apply the known information (the evidence) to a conjectured explanation of how the phenomenon MIGHT work
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| Extremely useful in creation of Hypothesis | Model
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| Hypothesis | Guess about the outcome of the change to the systemof the phenomenon being studied
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| Patterns emerging and Leading to new outcomes while providing a starting point | Evolving
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| the outcome of the processes may always remain between boundaries and may even eventually settle to a particular outcome | equilibrium
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| any sort of true representation of the phenomenon and truest representations will involve not just components, but also processes | relational diagram
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| Scientific Inquiry includes both the studies of the: | world (observation) and investigation into processes
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| Relational diagrams | reveal relationships of time, space, matter, and/or energy.
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| spatial relationships | maps useful for determining the positions of components in a system, but reveal no information about process
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| Class Diagrams | relate components and their processes
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| flow chart | diagram showing energy relationships
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| timeline | temporal relationships represents how a component changes with time
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| state diagram | all of the components and their associated processes but arranges them into a time-oriented configuration that make it clear when each of the processes occur in relation to each other
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| Darwin's Scientific Method | A systematic approach to answering a research question
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| Darwin's Scientific Method Steps | observation, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion
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| 2000-200 B.C | Early Science
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| A.D. 200-1200 | Age of Theology
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| 13th Century | Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas
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| 16th Century | Francis Bacon, Nicklaus Copernicus
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| 17th Century | Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Archbishop James Usher
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| Aristotle | Earth, Air, Fire, Water
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| Thomas Aquinas and Albertus Magnus | Natural truth=Nature; Revealed Truth=theology
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| Roger Bacon | reject religous dogma and look at the world
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| Francis Bacon | experimentalism is a way to verify and test all things
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| Galileo Galilei | Copenicus: Earth is round and revolves around sun...punished for these beliefs
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| Archbishop James Usher | Earth created in 4004 BC
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| Catarophism | Earth's Landscape is shaped by global catatrophes
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| Gradualism | Earth's geological features are a result of slow, continuous processes
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| Charles Lyell | gradualism expanded into uniformitarianism
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| geology | groundwork for Darwin's theory of evolution
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| John Ray | fossils were remnants of once living organisms
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| George Cuvier | catarophism
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| James Hutton | gradualsim
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| Characteristics indicating life | order, reproduction, growth, development, energy use, responce to environment and homeostasis
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| Homeostasis | stable internal environment is maintained within the body
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| Organisms maintain Homeostasis by | nutrients, wastes, temperature, immune system, reproductive cycles
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| countercurrent exchange system | opposite flow of adjacent fluids in oreder to maximize rates of transfer between two fluid systems
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| Set point violatin | triggers homeostatic responces in the body
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| possitive feedback loop | effector elicts a responce to a stumulus with exaggerations to stimulus
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| negative feedbacy look | effector elicts a response to a stimulus with removal of stimulus
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| endotherms | organisms that regulater their temperature internally, while ectotherms though their environment
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| 3 major roles of digestive system | ingestion, digestion, absorption
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| Ingestion | intake of food
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| Digestion | breakdown of food
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| Absorption | uptake of small molecules from the digestive system into the bloodstream
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| Food travels | mouth-down esophagus, into the stomach, and through the small and large intestines before exiting the body
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| Mouth | Ingestion begins: teeth grind, toungue move food around and compact into bolus, slivary glands secrete the saliva with salvary amylase
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| Stomach | Swallowed food enters where it is stored and undergoes mechanical and chemical digestion. Lining liquifies the contents of the stomach by churning action
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| Sphincter | ring shaped muscle which prevents food from backing into the esophagus...regulates passage of food to small intestine
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| Small intestine | chemical digestion
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| Large Intestinve | materical not digested completely in small intestine
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| salivary amylase | breaks down smaller polysaccharides
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| parietal cells | in stomach wall, kills bacteria
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| chief cell | secrete pepsinogen
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| Pepsin | breaks down proteins
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| Parapodia | facilitates Gas Exchange in water
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| More oxygen Rich...Air or Water | Air
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| Animals with simple Body plans can rely on________to obtain oxygen and eliminate metabolic wastes | diffusion
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| More complex organisms with multiple cell layers cannot use diffusion because___________________! | Diffusion occurs too slow to enable an efficient transfer of molecules over several layers.
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| Also reffered to as respiration | Gas exchange
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| Warms and freshens the air as it enters the lungs | The nose
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| trachea | covered with cartilaginous rings, and serves as a passagway to the lungs
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| Bronchi | branches from trachea and branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles
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| alveoli | air sacs at the end of bronchioles
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| Alveoli are covered with_____ and serve as the site for_______ | Capillaries and transferring oxygen to the blood
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| Mammal lungs operate as a | negative pressure system
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| epiglottis | flap of tissure that prevents food from entering the trachea
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| daphragm | works with rib muscles to expand the lungs during inhalation, and during exhalation makes the lungs cavity smaller (forcing air out)
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| Center of Circulatory System | Heart
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| Veins | carry blood to the heart
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| arteries | cary blood AWAY from the heart
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| Right Atrium | deoxygenated blood enters the heart here
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| Right ventricle | contractions send deoxigenated blood from the right atrium through here
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| Pumonary arteries | contractions send deoxigenated blood from the right atrium TO here then to the lungs
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| Oxygenated blood enters the heart from the the lungs into the | Left atrium
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| oxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrium into the | left ventricle
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| oxygenated blood is pumped through here then off to tissues in the body | Aorta
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| Superior Vena Cava and inferior vena cava | deliver deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart
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| Main function of excretory system | get rid of metabloic waste
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| contents of excretory system | skin, lungs, liver, urogenital system
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| Skin's performance in excretory system | remove water, salt urea, through sweat glands
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| Lungs function in excretory system | excrete CO2 and H2O
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| Liver function in excretory system | produce urea
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| Urogenital System function in excretory system | filter, store, and remove wastes
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| Kidneys | filter blood to produce urine
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| Travels down the ureter into the bladder | filtrate from kidney
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| flitrate exits the body through | the uretha
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| Many small filtration units that make up a kidney | nephron
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| nephron consists of | one long tubule an assosiated capillaries
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| Nervous system 2 main parts | brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System | sensory (input) and Motor (output)
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| Neuron components | cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, terminal branches, synaptic branches
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| 2 major components of the nervous system are | central nervous system, peripher nervous system
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| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord
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| perpheral nervouse system | sensory and motor nerves
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| A neurons structure reflects | it's structure
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| Neurons 3 major classes are | sensory, interneurons, and motor
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| sensory | recieve signals from environment. Sences light, pressure, presence of chemicals
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| interneurons | link sensory and motor, sends impulses to different locations
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| motor | convey messages from central nervous system to effectors
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| effectors | the muscle that carries out messages
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| reflex | any quick automatic response to a stimulus
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| Functions of Human Brain | sensory interpretation, reflex actions, thought, coordination, memory, emotions, and linkage to other organ systems
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| 3 major parts of the human brain | cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum
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| medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain | Parts of human brain stem
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| diencephalon | thalamus and hypothalamus
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| thalamus and hypothalamus | control hunger, thirst, sexual response, and pleasure links to the endocrine system
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| cerebellum | responsible for coordination and control
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| cerebrum | associated with intellect
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| lobes of cerebrum | speech, senses, vision, hearing
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| limbic system | primitive part of brain
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| 5 major sensory receptors | thermoreceptors, electoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors
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| cells that convert stimuli into a change | sensory receptors
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| taxonomy | catagorizing the world
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| species | label of a particular type of organism
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| Carolus linneaus | created current naming system
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| genus | general term used to group living things
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| Linaean classification system | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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| How many kingdoms are there? | 5 (monera, protista, plants, animals, fungi)
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| Monera | 1 celled prokaryotes
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| Protista | 1 celled eukaryotes
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| plants | multicellular organisms that are photosynthetic
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| Animals | multicellular organisms take food in
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| Fungi | muticellular organisms that absorb food
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| Photosynthesis | process of conberting carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight into glucose adn oxygen
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| What plant cell organelle does photosynthesis occur in? | chloroplast
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| 3 stages to series of reactions that comprise photosynthesis | absorption of sunlight, light reactions, and dark reactions
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| Chloroplasts | double membrane organelles within certain
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| Stroma | space inside the inner membrane c
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| thylakoids | saxk of membranous discs in the stoma
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| granum (granna) | stack(s) of thlakoids
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| Light reaction of photosynthesis occur where? | thylakoid membranes
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| dark reactions of photosynthesis occur where? | between the membranes (thylakoid space)
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| phosystems | pigment containing complexes able to absorb energy from sunlight
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| Chlorophyll | chemical compound within the photosystems that had the ability to store sunlight energy
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| Ultimate source of energy for photosynthesis | SUNLIGHT
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| ATP | hchemical reaction forming anoter energy when hydrogen idons exit through a protein in the thylkoid membrane
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| Microbes | bacteria and viruses
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| alive | bacteria
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| single celled living organisms | Bacteria
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| prokaryotes | Bacteria
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