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WGU Thinkwell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 original facets to Scientific Inquiry | Quantitative Observation; Reasoning Deductively; Experimentation; Communicating Results; |
| When were there ONLY qualitative observations recorded by scientists? | Before 1600's |
| Santorio | 1rst quantitative (measure of medicine) |
| Santorio's 1rst quantitative measurements | weight and temperature of "humors" |
| Humors | Combination of fluids determines a persons's health |
| Roger Bacon | Made process of obervation, hypothesis, experiment, seek independent verification of results, because ancient Greek Scientists (Aristotle) thought flies were formed spontaneously from rotten meat |
| Francis Bacon | falsified spontaneous generation |
| F. Bacon on Hypothesis | Must be fasifiable |
| Central Organization | Created Among Scientist in 17th century for truth by experiment rather than authority |
| Building Blocks of all organism structure and function | Cells |
| emergent prooerties | novel set of properties for each individual level of organization |
| closed systems (water cycle) | predictable path to their processes and completely contained |
| open systems(living things) | less predictable paths to their processes and is not completely contained |
| reductionist view | an attempt to understand the world we live in as a whole through a greater understanding of the observable components |
| Subsystems of an Atom | Protons, Neutrons, Electrons |
| creating a model | When new phenomenon is not understood it is useful to apply the known information (the evidence) to a conjectured explanation of how the phenomenon MIGHT work |
| Extremely useful in creation of Hypothesis | Model |
| Hypothesis | Guess about the outcome of the change to the systemof the phenomenon being studied |
| Patterns emerging and Leading to new outcomes while providing a starting point | Evolving |
| the outcome of the processes may always remain between boundaries and may even eventually settle to a particular outcome | equilibrium |
| any sort of true representation of the phenomenon and truest representations will involve not just components, but also processes | relational diagram |
| Scientific Inquiry includes both the studies of the: | world (observation) and investigation into processes |
| Relational diagrams | reveal relationships of time, space, matter, and/or energy. |
| spatial relationships | maps useful for determining the positions of components in a system, but reveal no information about process |
| Class Diagrams | relate components and their processes |
| flow chart | diagram showing energy relationships |
| timeline | temporal relationships represents how a component changes with time |
| state diagram | all of the components and their associated processes but arranges them into a time-oriented configuration that make it clear when each of the processes occur in relation to each other |
| Darwin's Scientific Method | A systematic approach to answering a research question |
| Darwin's Scientific Method Steps | observation, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion |
| 2000-200 B.C | Early Science |
| A.D. 200-1200 | Age of Theology |
| 13th Century | Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas |
| 16th Century | Francis Bacon, Nicklaus Copernicus |
| 17th Century | Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Archbishop James Usher |
| Aristotle | Earth, Air, Fire, Water |
| Thomas Aquinas and Albertus Magnus | Natural truth=Nature; Revealed Truth=theology |
| Roger Bacon | reject religous dogma and look at the world |
| Francis Bacon | experimentalism is a way to verify and test all things |
| Galileo Galilei | Copenicus: Earth is round and revolves around sun...punished for these beliefs |
| Archbishop James Usher | Earth created in 4004 BC |
| Catarophism | Earth's Landscape is shaped by global catatrophes |
| Gradualism | Earth's geological features are a result of slow, continuous processes |
| Charles Lyell | gradualism expanded into uniformitarianism |
| geology | groundwork for Darwin's theory of evolution |
| John Ray | fossils were remnants of once living organisms |
| George Cuvier | catarophism |
| James Hutton | gradualsim |
| Characteristics indicating life | order, reproduction, growth, development, energy use, responce to environment and homeostasis |
| Homeostasis | stable internal environment is maintained within the body |
| Organisms maintain Homeostasis by | nutrients, wastes, temperature, immune system, reproductive cycles |
| countercurrent exchange system | opposite flow of adjacent fluids in oreder to maximize rates of transfer between two fluid systems |
| Set point violatin | triggers homeostatic responces in the body |
| possitive feedback loop | effector elicts a responce to a stumulus with exaggerations to stimulus |
| negative feedbacy look | effector elicts a response to a stimulus with removal of stimulus |
| endotherms | organisms that regulater their temperature internally, while ectotherms though their environment |
| 3 major roles of digestive system | ingestion, digestion, absorption |
| Ingestion | intake of food |
| Digestion | breakdown of food |
| Absorption | uptake of small molecules from the digestive system into the bloodstream |
| Food travels | mouth-down esophagus, into the stomach, and through the small and large intestines before exiting the body |
| Mouth | Ingestion begins: teeth grind, toungue move food around and compact into bolus, slivary glands secrete the saliva with salvary amylase |
| Stomach | Swallowed food enters where it is stored and undergoes mechanical and chemical digestion. Lining liquifies the contents of the stomach by churning action |
| Sphincter | ring shaped muscle which prevents food from backing into the esophagus...regulates passage of food to small intestine |
| Small intestine | chemical digestion |
| Large Intestinve | materical not digested completely in small intestine |
| salivary amylase | breaks down smaller polysaccharides |
| parietal cells | in stomach wall, kills bacteria |
| chief cell | secrete pepsinogen |
| Pepsin | breaks down proteins |
| Parapodia | facilitates Gas Exchange in water |
| More oxygen Rich...Air or Water | Air |
| Animals with simple Body plans can rely on________to obtain oxygen and eliminate metabolic wastes | diffusion |
| More complex organisms with multiple cell layers cannot use diffusion because___________________! | Diffusion occurs too slow to enable an efficient transfer of molecules over several layers. |
| Also reffered to as respiration | Gas exchange |
| Warms and freshens the air as it enters the lungs | The nose |
| trachea | covered with cartilaginous rings, and serves as a passagway to the lungs |
| Bronchi | branches from trachea and branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles |
| alveoli | air sacs at the end of bronchioles |
| Alveoli are covered with_____ and serve as the site for_______ | Capillaries and transferring oxygen to the blood |
| Mammal lungs operate as a | negative pressure system |
| epiglottis | flap of tissure that prevents food from entering the trachea |
| daphragm | works with rib muscles to expand the lungs during inhalation, and during exhalation makes the lungs cavity smaller (forcing air out) |
| Center of Circulatory System | Heart |
| Veins | carry blood to the heart |
| arteries | cary blood AWAY from the heart |
| Right Atrium | deoxygenated blood enters the heart here |
| Right ventricle | contractions send deoxigenated blood from the right atrium through here |
| Pumonary arteries | contractions send deoxigenated blood from the right atrium TO here then to the lungs |
| Oxygenated blood enters the heart from the the lungs into the | Left atrium |
| oxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrium into the | left ventricle |
| oxygenated blood is pumped through here then off to tissues in the body | Aorta |
| Superior Vena Cava and inferior vena cava | deliver deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart |
| Main function of excretory system | get rid of metabloic waste |
| contents of excretory system | skin, lungs, liver, urogenital system |
| Skin's performance in excretory system | remove water, salt urea, through sweat glands |
| Lungs function in excretory system | excrete CO2 and H2O |
| Liver function in excretory system | produce urea |
| Urogenital System function in excretory system | filter, store, and remove wastes |
| Kidneys | filter blood to produce urine |
| Travels down the ureter into the bladder | filtrate from kidney |
| flitrate exits the body through | the uretha |
| Many small filtration units that make up a kidney | nephron |
| nephron consists of | one long tubule an assosiated capillaries |
| Nervous system 2 main parts | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | sensory (input) and Motor (output) |
| Neuron components | cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, terminal branches, synaptic branches |
| 2 major components of the nervous system are | central nervous system, peripher nervous system |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| perpheral nervouse system | sensory and motor nerves |
| A neurons structure reflects | it's structure |
| Neurons 3 major classes are | sensory, interneurons, and motor |
| sensory | recieve signals from environment. Sences light, pressure, presence of chemicals |
| interneurons | link sensory and motor, sends impulses to different locations |
| motor | convey messages from central nervous system to effectors |
| effectors | the muscle that carries out messages |
| reflex | any quick automatic response to a stimulus |
| Functions of Human Brain | sensory interpretation, reflex actions, thought, coordination, memory, emotions, and linkage to other organ systems |
| 3 major parts of the human brain | cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum |
| medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain | Parts of human brain stem |
| diencephalon | thalamus and hypothalamus |
| thalamus and hypothalamus | control hunger, thirst, sexual response, and pleasure links to the endocrine system |
| cerebellum | responsible for coordination and control |
| cerebrum | associated with intellect |
| lobes of cerebrum | speech, senses, vision, hearing |
| limbic system | primitive part of brain |
| 5 major sensory receptors | thermoreceptors, electoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors |
| cells that convert stimuli into a change | sensory receptors |
| taxonomy | catagorizing the world |
| species | label of a particular type of organism |
| Carolus linneaus | created current naming system |
| genus | general term used to group living things |
| Linaean classification system | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| How many kingdoms are there? | 5 (monera, protista, plants, animals, fungi) |
| Monera | 1 celled prokaryotes |
| Protista | 1 celled eukaryotes |
| plants | multicellular organisms that are photosynthetic |
| Animals | multicellular organisms take food in |
| Fungi | muticellular organisms that absorb food |
| Photosynthesis | process of conberting carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight into glucose adn oxygen |
| What plant cell organelle does photosynthesis occur in? | chloroplast |
| 3 stages to series of reactions that comprise photosynthesis | absorption of sunlight, light reactions, and dark reactions |
| Chloroplasts | double membrane organelles within certain |
| Stroma | space inside the inner membrane c |
| thylakoids | saxk of membranous discs in the stoma |
| granum (granna) | stack(s) of thlakoids |
| Light reaction of photosynthesis occur where? | thylakoid membranes |
| dark reactions of photosynthesis occur where? | between the membranes (thylakoid space) |
| phosystems | pigment containing complexes able to absorb energy from sunlight |
| Chlorophyll | chemical compound within the photosystems that had the ability to store sunlight energy |
| Ultimate source of energy for photosynthesis | SUNLIGHT |
| ATP | hchemical reaction forming anoter energy when hydrogen idons exit through a protein in the thylkoid membrane |
| Microbes | bacteria and viruses |
| alive | bacteria |
| single celled living organisms | Bacteria |
| prokaryotes | Bacteria |
Created by:
Christinaboyd
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