MIC 205 Exam 3
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| Define metabolism. | the sum of all chemical reactions, both anabolic and catabolic, within an organism
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| What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? | catabolism breaks down substances and produces energy; anabolism builds up substances and uses energy
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| Which pathway produces energy? | catabolism
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| Which pathway uses energy? | anabolism
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| In what form is this energy stored? | bonds of new compound
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| Which pathway produces water as a by-product? | anabolism
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| Which pathway requires water for biochemical reactions to occur? | catabolism
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| What is an enzyme? | Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
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| What is a catalyst? | substance that changes the rate of reaction but does not get used up in reaction
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| Describe the parts of an enzyme. | apoenzyme (protein portion; cofactor (inorganic ions) or coenzyme
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| Name four factors that influence the action of enzymes. | temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors
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| What is a competitive enzyme inhibition? | molecule whose shape and structure are similar to the enzyme’s normal substrate; fills the active sit on enzyme
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| What is non-competitive inhibition? | molecule binds to an enzyme allosterically and changes the enzyme shape so the active sit is not the same
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| Describe how feedback inhibition conserves energy for a cell. | saves energy by preventing cells from making something they don’t need
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| What are oxidation/reduction reactions? | any metabolic reaction involving the transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor
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| When a molecule is oxidized, what has happened to that molecule? | gives electrons and becomes more positively charged
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| What happens to a molecule when it is reduced? | accepts electrons; charge is “reduced” due to gain of electrons—becomes more negative
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| What three macromolecules do microbes routinely metabolize? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
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| Why do organisms use biochemical pathways to metabolize products? | to produce energy (ATP)
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| Which molecule do most microbes metabolize most frequently? | glucose
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| Name two ways that microorganisms produce energy from glucose. | respiration and fermentation
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| What are the three biochemical pathways of respiration? | Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
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| What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? | aerobic has a final electron acceptor of O; anaerobic has an inorganic molecule that is not O as its final electron acceptor (such as nitrate, sulfate, etc.)
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| NAD+ and FAD are electron/proton carriers. Where do they take their hydrogens when they are reduced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? | to the ETC
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| What is chemiosmosis? | process of releasing electrons from carrier molecules in the ETC to produce energy
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| What is the proton motive force? | a potential energy source caused from hydrogen ions collecting as they pass the membrane
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| What is produced in the Electron Transport Chain? | ATP
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| Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | cytosol of both
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| Where is the Krebs Cycle located in eukaryotes? In prokaryotes? | cytosol of prokaryotes and mitochondria of eukaryotes
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| Where is the Electron Transport Chain located in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | eukaryotes—mitochondrial membrane; prokaryotes—plasma membrane
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| Describe how cells catabolize proteins and fats. | Proteins are catabolized to AA that enter glycolysis; fats are catabolized to either fatty acids/glycerol, fatty acids are converted to acetyl-coA & enter the Krebs Cycle, & glycerol is converted to pyruvic acid that enter the Krebs Cycle/fermentation
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| If there is no oxygen available or a microorganism does not utilize oxygen but chooses to ferment a substrate, name some products that could serve as the final electron/proton acceptors. | nitrate, sulfate, etc.
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| Which pathway – respiration or fermentation – produces the most ATP? | respiration
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| What do bacteria do with the products formed by the anabolism of carbohydrates? | used for energy, construction of bacterial cell wall, nucleic acids, capsules, etc.
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| By the anabolism of fats and proteins? Give examples. | fats are used for membrane construction, pigments, energy storage, cell wall construction; proteins are used to make cell walls, toxins, membranes, etc. Carbon and nitrogen from AA used to make nucleic acids
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| What is an amphibolic pathway? | metabolic pathway that can be used for both catabolism and anabolism
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| What kinds of organisms are capable of photosynthesis? | some bacteria, algae, green plants, and a few protozoa
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| Where do photosynthetic organisms get their energy to produce sugar from the carbons in carbon dioxide? | light energy
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| What is produced in photophosphorylation? | ATP
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| What is produced in the Calvin Benson cycle? | glucose
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