Anatomy Chapter 6-8
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| Functions of skeleton | Provides framework, protects internal organs, contains and protects red bone marrow, storage site for excess calcium
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| Osteocytes | Bone cells
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| Matrix is made of | calcium salts and collagen
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| Matrix is not | living
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| canliculi are | "little canals"
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| compact bone | looks solid, but very precisely structured
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| Compact bone is made of | osteons or haversian systems
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| Spongy bone | looks like sponge, contains red bone marrow
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| Red bone marrow produces | red blood cells, platelets and the five kinds of white blood cells
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| Long bones | bone of arms, legs,hands (not wrists) and feet (not ankles)
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| Long bone shaft is called | diaphysis
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| Ends of bone are called | epiphyses
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| Diaphyses are made of | compact bone
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| Epiphyses are made of | spongy bone
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| Short bones | wrists and ankles
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| flat bones | ribs, shoulder blades, hips, cranial
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| Irregular bones | vertebrae and facial bones
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| Which type of bone is NOT spongy bone covered in a thin layer of compact bone? | Long bones
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| Periosteum | fibrous connective that merges with tendons
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| Osteoblasts are | cells that produce bone
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| Fontanels | The soft spot on a baby's head where bone has not completely ossified
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| Bone growth occurs in | epiphyseal discs
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| Osteoclasts | Bone destroying cells
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| Resorption | The act of osteoclasts breaking down a small part of bone to gain minerals
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| Factors that affect the height of a person | Heredity, nutrition, hormones and chemical communication from other tissues, excercize/"stress"
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| Osteoblasts produce | osteocalcin
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| Osteocalcin decreases... | fat storage by adipose tissue
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| Osteocalcin increases | insulin production by the pancreases
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| Axial skeleton | The skeleton which forms the axis of the body
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| Appendicular skeleton | The skeleton made out of limbs
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| Skull made of | eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones
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| Cranial bones form the | braincase
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| Frontal bone forms the | forehead
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| Parietal bones form | the posterior to pand much of the side walls of teh skkull
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| Temporal bone forms the | side of the skull
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| Occipital bone form the | lower, posterior part of the braincase
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| Sphenoid bone is visible | on the side of the skull between teh frontal and temporal bones
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| Sella turcica encloses | the pituitary gland
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| The ethmoid bone anchors | the pituitary gland
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| immovable joints are called | sutures
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| Nasal cavities are lined with | ciliated epithelium
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| mastoid sinuses | sinuses in the mastoid process of each temporal bone
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| rib cage made of | 12 ribs
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| 3 parts of the sternum | upper manubrium, central body, and the lower xiphoid process
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| First 7 pairs of ribs are called | true ribs
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| Middle 3 pairs of ribs are called | false ribs
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| Last 2 pairs of ribs are called | floating ribs
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| Scapula | a large, flat bone with several projections that anchor muscles that move the upper arm and forearm
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| Humerus | Long bone in upper arm
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| Radius and ulna | bones in the forearm
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| Carpals | eight small bones in the wrist
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| Metacarpals | the five bones of the palm of the hand
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| Phalanges | Bones of the fingers
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| Ilium | flared, upper portion of the hip that form the sacroiliac joint
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| Ischium | the lower posterior part of the hip that we sit on
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| Pubis | The lower most anterior part of the hip
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| The two pubic bones articulate with one another at the | pubic symphysis
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| acetabulum is the | socket in the hip bone
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| Patella | kneecap
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| tibia | weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
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| Fibula | The small bone in the leg which the muscles attach to.
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| Tarsals | The seven bones in the ankle
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| Caclaneus | Heel bone
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| Metatarsals | The give long bones of each foot
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| Phalanges | Bones of the toes
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| Joint | Where two bones meet or articulate
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| Synarthrosis joint | Immovable
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| Diarthrosis | Freely movable joint
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| Diarthrosis are ________ joints | synovial joints
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| Synovial membrans secretes | synovial fluid
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| Synovial joints have | bursae
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| Bursae | Small sacs of synovial fluid between the joint and the tendons that cross over the joint.
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| Myocytes | Individual muscle cells
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| Tendons | Anchor muscles to bones
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| Aponeurosis | A flat tendon
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| Periosteum | The fibrous connective tissue that covers bones
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| Origin (of muscle) | The stationary attachment of the muscle
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| Insertion (of muscle) | The more moveable attachment of the muscle
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| Antagonists muscles | muscles that have opposite functions
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| Muscle cannot | push
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| Synergistic muscles | Muscle with the same function, or those that work together to perform a particular function
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| Prime mover (muscle) | The muscle that does most of the work of flexing
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| Muscles need the energy of ______ to contract | ATP
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| Isotonic exercise is exercise where | the muscle contract and bring about movement
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| Concentric contract i | the shortening of a muscle as it exert force
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| An eccentric contraction is | the lengthening of a muscle as it still exerts force
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| Must sense is | the brain's ability to know where our muscle are and what they are doing, without our having to look at them and be aware of them.
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| Creatine phosphate is | an energy-transferring molecule
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| Creatinine | A nitrogenous waste product that is excreted by the kidneys
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| Axon terminal is | the the enlarged tip of the motor neuron
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| Sarcolema | The membrane of the muscle fiber
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| Synapse | The small space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma
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| Sarcomeres | Individual contracting units of muscles
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| Myosin | Thick filaments in the center of the sacromere
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| Toponin and tropomyosin prevent | the sliding of the acting and myosin when the muscle fiber is relaxed
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| superior most area of the sternum | manubrium
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| Which bone joins the os coxxi on the posterior side? | sacrum
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| what joins the os coxxi on the anterior side? | the pubic symphsis
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| Which bone holds the upper teeth? | maxilla
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| What do you call the joint between the mandible and the temporal bone? | tempromandibular joint (TMJ)
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| What is the area of bone just superior to the bridge of the nose | glabella
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| The function of the nervous system are | to detect changes and feel sensation, initiate appropriate responses to changes, to organize information for immediate use and store it for future use
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| The two divisions of nervous system | Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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| Nerve cells are called | neurons or nerve fibers
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| Dendrites are | processes that transmit impulses toward the cell body
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| The one axon of a neuron | transmits impulses away from the cell body
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| Dendrites are wrapped in | Schwann cells
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| The layers enclosing the neuron processes are called | the myelin sheath
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| Which of the four quads is a deep muscle? | vastus intermedius
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| Nodes of Ranvier are the parts of the neuron cell membrane that .... | depolarize when an electrical impulse is transmitted
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| Neurolemma | the nuclei and cytoplasm of Schwann cells
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| Neuroglia | Specialized cells found only in the brain and spinal cord
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| The myelin sheaths are formed by | Oligodendrocytes
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| Microglia | clean up cellular debris and damaged cells, and phagocytize pathogens
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| What is the muscle that attaches to the sternum, clavicle and the mastoid process? | the sternocleidomastoid
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| Astrocytes | provides a framework for the migrating neurons that will form the brain
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| Blood-brain barrier | Prevents potentially harmful waster products in the blood from diffusing out in to brain tissue
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| What transmits impulses across a synapse? | neurotransmitters
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| Acetylcholine is a | neurotransmitter
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| Cholinesterase is the inactivator of | acetylcholine
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| Achilles's tendon is also known as | calcaneal tendon
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| There are three type of neurons: | sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons
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| The hamstrings are called | semimembranosis, semitendonosis, and the biceps femoris
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| Sensory neurons carry impulses from ________ to the ____________ | receptors, central nervous system
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| Motor neurons carry impulses from the _______ to ________ | central nervous system, effectors
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| Sensory and motor neurons make up the | peripheral nervous system
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| Interneurons are found entirely within the _________. They carry sensory and motor neurons, or _________ both | central nervous system, integrate
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| A nerve is a group of _______ or ______ of many neurons | axons or dendrites
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| Sensory nerves are made only of _______ _______ | sensory neurons
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| Motor nerves are made only of _______ _______ | motor neurons
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| Mixed nerves contains both _______ and ______ neurons | sensory and motor
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| Pronation | turning something down
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| supination | turning something up
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| Dorsiflexion | pulling toes up
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| plantarflexion | pointing toes down
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| Saltatory conduction | The presence of an insulating myelin sheath increases the velocity of the impulses, since only the nodes of Ranvier depolarize
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| Ascending tracts | carry sensory impulses to the brain
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| Descending tracts | carry motor impulses away from the brain
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| There are ________ pairs of spinal nerves | 31
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| There are ______ cervical pairs of nerves | 8
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| There are ________ thoracic pairs of nerves | 12
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| There are _____ lumbar pairs of nerves | 5
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| There are _____ sacral pairs of nerves | 5
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| There is ______ coccygeal pair of nerves | 1
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| The dorsal root of a spinal nerve is | made of sensory neurons
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| The dorsal root ganglion is | an enlarged part of the dorsal root that contain teh cell bodies of teh snesory neurons
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| Origin for trapezius muscle | occipital bone
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| Ganglion means | a group of cell bodies outside the CNS
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| The ventral root of a spinal nerve is | the motor root
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| A reflex is | an involuntary response to a stimulus, that is, an automatic action stimulated by a specific change of some kind
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| Spinal cord reflexes are | those that do not depend directly on the brain
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| Receptors | detect a change (the stimulus) and generate impulses
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| Sensory neurons | Transmt ipulses from receptros to the CNS
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| Central nervous system | Contains one or more synapses (interneurons may be part of the pathway).
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| Motor neurons | Transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector
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| Effector | Performs its characteristic action
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| Stretch reflex | A muscle that is stretched will automatically contract
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| The major parts of the brain are | the medulla, pons, and midbrain (collectively called the brainstem), the cerebellum, the hypothalamus, the thalamus and the cerebrum
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| Ventricles | four cavities within the brain
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| Medulla | contains the cardiac centers that regulate heart rate, vasomotor centers that regulate the diameter of blood vessels and, thereby, blood pressure, and respiratory centers that regulate breathing
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| The second origin of the trapezius is | all of the thoracic vertebrae
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| The pons | includes two respiratory centers that work with those in the medulla to produce a normal breathing rhythm
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| The insertion of the trapezius is | the spine of the scapula and the clavicle
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| The origin of the triceps is | the humerus and the scapula
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| The insertion of the triceps is | the ulna
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| The midbrain encloses the | cerebral aqueduct
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| The origin of the gastrocnemius | is the femur
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| The insertion of the gastrocnemius | calcaneus
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| Action of gastrocnemius | plantarflexion
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| The origin of the tibialis anterior | tibia
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| The insertion of the tibialis anterior | Metatarsals
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| The origin of the hamstrings is | the ischium
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| The insertion of the hamstrings is | tibia and fibula
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| The action of the hamstrings is | flexion of the lower leg
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| the midbrain integrates | different reflexes including visual and auditory
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| Cerebellum controls | coordination, regulation of muscle tone, the appropriate trajectory and endpoint of movements and the maintenance of posture and equilibrium
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| Name the first thing the hypothalamus controls | the production of antidiuretic hormone
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| Name the second thing the hypothalamus controls | Production of releasing hormones (also called releasing factors) that stimulate the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland
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| Action of trapezius | Adducts shoulders (moves towards midline), raises and lowers shoulders
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| Name the third thing the hypothalamus controls | Regulation of body temperature
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| Name the fourth thing the hypothalamus controls | Regulation of food intake
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| Name the fifth thing the hypothalamus controls | Integration of the function of the autonomic nervous system
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| Name the sixth thing the hypothalamus controls | Stimulation of visceral responses during emotional situations
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| Name the seventh thing the hypothalamus controls | Regulation of body rhythms
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| Thalamus controls most of the | things concerned with sensation, but it also controls alertness and awakeness
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| Cerebrum is the | largest part of the human brain
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| The cerebrum consists of two | hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure
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| At the base of the longitudinal fissue is the | corpus callosum
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| The corpus callosum is a band of | 200 million neurons that connects the right and left hemispheres
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| The surface of the cerebrum is gray matter called the | cerebral cortex
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| The cerebral cortex is _______ extensively | folded
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| The folds in the cerebral cortex are called | convolutions or gyri
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| The grooves between the folds in the cerebral cortex are called | fissures or sulci
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| Within the frontal lobes are the | motor areas
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| Anterior to the motor areas in the frontal lobes are the | premotor areas
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| The premotor areas are concerned with | learned motor skills that require a sequence of movements
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| The part of the frontal lobes behind the eyes are called | the prefrontal or orbitofrontal cortex
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| The orbitofrontal cortex is concerned with | social and emotional feelings
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| Broca's motor speech controls | the movements of the mouth involved in speaking
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| The general sensory areas of the parietal lobes receive | impulses from receptors in the skin and feel and interpret the cutaneous sensations
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| The taste areas of the parietal and temporal lobes | receive impulses from taste buds on the tongue and elsewhere in the oral cavity
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| The olfactory areas in the temporal lobes | receive impulses from receptors in the nasal cavities for the sense of smell
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| a sarcomere is capped off by | z discs/z lines
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| The auditory areas in the temporal lobes | receive impulses from receptors in the inner ear for hearing
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| What is the first step for muscle contraction | A nerve impulses arrives at the axon terminal, acetylcholine is released and diffuses across the synapse to the sarcolemma
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| What is the second step for muscle contraction | Acetylocholine bonds to acetylcholine receptors and makes the sarcolemma more permeable to Na+ ions, which rush into teh cells
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| What is the third step for muscle contraction | The sarcolemma depolarizes, becoming negative outside and positice inside. The T tubules bring the reversal of charges to the interior of the muscle cells
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| What is the fourth step for muscle contraction | Depolarization stimulates the release of Ca 2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions bond to the troponin-tropomyosin complex, which sifts it away from the actin filaments
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| What is the fifth step for muscle contraction | Myosin splits ATP to release its energy
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| What is the sixth step for muscle contraction | All of the sarcomeres in a muscle fiber sorten--the entire muscle fiber contracts.
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| What is the seventh step for muscle contraction | The sarcolemma repolarizes: K+ ions leave the cell, restoring a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside.
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| What is the eighth step for muscle contraction | Cholinesterase in the sarcolemma inactivates acetylcholine
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| What is the ninth step for muscle contraction | Subsequent nerve impulses will prolong contraction
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| What is the tenth step for muscle contraction | When there are no further impulses, the muscle fiber will relax and return to its original length
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| The occipital lobes arein charge of | seeing
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| Hippocampus is in charge of | personality/memories
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| basal ganglia | coordinate accessory movements
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| The meninges cover | the brain and the spinal cord
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| Name the 3 layers of the meninges | Dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater
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| What is the thick, outermost layer of the meninges | Dura mater
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| What is the middle layer of the meninges made of web-like strands of connective tissue | arachnoid membrane
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| What is the thin innermost membrane of the meninges | pia mater
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| ANS stands for | autonomic nervous system
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| The autonomic nervous system is part of | the peripheral nervous system
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| Visceral motor neurons make up the | autonomic nervous system
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| Adduction of the leg is caused by | adductor longus, gracilis
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| What muscle causes plantar flexion | gastrocnemius
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| What muscle would cause extension of the arm | tricep
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| What muscle would cause elevation of the arms | deltoid
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| If you're doing a pushup, this is one of the major muscle involved | pectoralis major
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| What muscle is responsible for the flexion of the lower leg | biceps formalis, semimembranosis, semitendonosis
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| Name a muscle that would cause extension of the lower leg | vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus femoralis, rectus femoralis
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| This muscle could aid in flexion of the hip | internal obliques, abdominal muscles,
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| Which muscles could potentially turn the head | platysma, sternocleidomastoid
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| The sympathetic division of the ANS brings about | rapid and widespread responses in many organs (stress situations)
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| The parasympathetic division of the ANS brings about | very localized responses in one organ (relaxed situations)
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| Cranial nerve #1 | Olfactory
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| Cranial nerve #2 | Optic
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| Cranial nerve #3 | Ocular motor
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| Cranial nerve #4 | Trochlear
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| Cranial nerve #5 | Trigeminal
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| Cranial nerve #6 | Abducens
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| Cranial nerve #7 | Facial
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| Cranial nerve #8 | acoustic
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| Cranial nerve #9 | Glossopharyngeal
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| Cranial nerve #10 | vagus
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| Cranial nerve #11 | accessory
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| Cranial nerve #12 | hypoglossal
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| Somatic sensory | receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses
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| visceral sensory | receives sensory information from organs
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| somatic motor | "voluntary" nervous system
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| autonomic motor | "involuntary" nervous system
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| The central nervous system (CNS) consists of | the brain and the spinal cord
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| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of | cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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| The PNS includes teh | autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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| The five essential parts of a reflex are | receptors, sensory neurons, central nervous system, motor neurons and effector
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| Flexor reflex | A reflex where you pull away from a potentially harmful or painful stimulus
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| State the locations of cerebrospinal fluid | central canal of spine, subarachnoid spaces, ventricles of brain
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| What is cerebrospinal fluid made of? | Blood plasma
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| What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid? | To exchange nutrients and waste with blood and to act as a shock absorber
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| What is the function of the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve? | Sense of taste and cardiac functions
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| What is the function of the olfactory cranial nerve? | sense of smell
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| What is the function of the trigeminal cranial nerve? | Sensation in face, scalp, and teeth, contraction of chewing muscles
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| What is the function of the facial cranial nerve? | sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles, secretion of saliva
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| What is the function of the vagus cranial nerve? | Sensory in cardiac, respiratory and blood pressure reflexes; contraction of pharynx; secretion of saliva
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
akikoandpoog
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