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Anatomy Chapter 6-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of skeleton | Provides framework, protects internal organs, contains and protects red bone marrow, storage site for excess calcium |
| Osteocytes | Bone cells |
| Matrix is made of | calcium salts and collagen |
| Matrix is not | living |
| canliculi are | "little canals" |
| compact bone | looks solid, but very precisely structured |
| Compact bone is made of | osteons or haversian systems |
| Spongy bone | looks like sponge, contains red bone marrow |
| Red bone marrow produces | red blood cells, platelets and the five kinds of white blood cells |
| Long bones | bone of arms, legs,hands (not wrists) and feet (not ankles) |
| Long bone shaft is called | diaphysis |
| Ends of bone are called | epiphyses |
| Diaphyses are made of | compact bone |
| Epiphyses are made of | spongy bone |
| Short bones | wrists and ankles |
| flat bones | ribs, shoulder blades, hips, cranial |
| Irregular bones | vertebrae and facial bones |
| Which type of bone is NOT spongy bone covered in a thin layer of compact bone? | Long bones |
| Periosteum | fibrous connective that merges with tendons |
| Osteoblasts are | cells that produce bone |
| Fontanels | The soft spot on a baby's head where bone has not completely ossified |
| Bone growth occurs in | epiphyseal discs |
| Osteoclasts | Bone destroying cells |
| Resorption | The act of osteoclasts breaking down a small part of bone to gain minerals |
| Factors that affect the height of a person | Heredity, nutrition, hormones and chemical communication from other tissues, excercize/"stress" |
| Osteoblasts produce | osteocalcin |
| Osteocalcin decreases... | fat storage by adipose tissue |
| Osteocalcin increases | insulin production by the pancreases |
| Axial skeleton | The skeleton which forms the axis of the body |
| Appendicular skeleton | The skeleton made out of limbs |
| Skull made of | eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones |
| Cranial bones form the | braincase |
| Frontal bone forms the | forehead |
| Parietal bones form | the posterior to pand much of the side walls of teh skkull |
| Temporal bone forms the | side of the skull |
| Occipital bone form the | lower, posterior part of the braincase |
| Sphenoid bone is visible | on the side of the skull between teh frontal and temporal bones |
| Sella turcica encloses | the pituitary gland |
| The ethmoid bone anchors | the pituitary gland |
| immovable joints are called | sutures |
| Nasal cavities are lined with | ciliated epithelium |
| mastoid sinuses | sinuses in the mastoid process of each temporal bone |
| rib cage made of | 12 ribs |
| 3 parts of the sternum | upper manubrium, central body, and the lower xiphoid process |
| First 7 pairs of ribs are called | true ribs |
| Middle 3 pairs of ribs are called | false ribs |
| Last 2 pairs of ribs are called | floating ribs |
| Scapula | a large, flat bone with several projections that anchor muscles that move the upper arm and forearm |
| Humerus | Long bone in upper arm |
| Radius and ulna | bones in the forearm |
| Carpals | eight small bones in the wrist |
| Metacarpals | the five bones of the palm of the hand |
| Phalanges | Bones of the fingers |
| Ilium | flared, upper portion of the hip that form the sacroiliac joint |
| Ischium | the lower posterior part of the hip that we sit on |
| Pubis | The lower most anterior part of the hip |
| The two pubic bones articulate with one another at the | pubic symphysis |
| acetabulum is the | socket in the hip bone |
| Patella | kneecap |
| tibia | weight-bearing bone of the lower leg |
| Fibula | The small bone in the leg which the muscles attach to. |
| Tarsals | The seven bones in the ankle |
| Caclaneus | Heel bone |
| Metatarsals | The give long bones of each foot |
| Phalanges | Bones of the toes |
| Joint | Where two bones meet or articulate |
| Synarthrosis joint | Immovable |
| Diarthrosis | Freely movable joint |
| Diarthrosis are ________ joints | synovial joints |
| Synovial membrans secretes | synovial fluid |
| Synovial joints have | bursae |
| Bursae | Small sacs of synovial fluid between the joint and the tendons that cross over the joint. |
| Myocytes | Individual muscle cells |
| Tendons | Anchor muscles to bones |
| Aponeurosis | A flat tendon |
| Periosteum | The fibrous connective tissue that covers bones |
| Origin (of muscle) | The stationary attachment of the muscle |
| Insertion (of muscle) | The more moveable attachment of the muscle |
| Antagonists muscles | muscles that have opposite functions |
| Muscle cannot | push |
| Synergistic muscles | Muscle with the same function, or those that work together to perform a particular function |
| Prime mover (muscle) | The muscle that does most of the work of flexing |
| Muscles need the energy of ______ to contract | ATP |
| Isotonic exercise is exercise where | the muscle contract and bring about movement |
| Concentric contract i | the shortening of a muscle as it exert force |
| An eccentric contraction is | the lengthening of a muscle as it still exerts force |
| Must sense is | the brain's ability to know where our muscle are and what they are doing, without our having to look at them and be aware of them. |
| Creatine phosphate is | an energy-transferring molecule |
| Creatinine | A nitrogenous waste product that is excreted by the kidneys |
| Axon terminal is | the the enlarged tip of the motor neuron |
| Sarcolema | The membrane of the muscle fiber |
| Synapse | The small space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma |
| Sarcomeres | Individual contracting units of muscles |
| Myosin | Thick filaments in the center of the sacromere |
| Toponin and tropomyosin prevent | the sliding of the acting and myosin when the muscle fiber is relaxed |
| superior most area of the sternum | manubrium |
| Which bone joins the os coxxi on the posterior side? | sacrum |
| what joins the os coxxi on the anterior side? | the pubic symphsis |
| Which bone holds the upper teeth? | maxilla |
| What do you call the joint between the mandible and the temporal bone? | tempromandibular joint (TMJ) |
| What is the area of bone just superior to the bridge of the nose | glabella |
| The function of the nervous system are | to detect changes and feel sensation, initiate appropriate responses to changes, to organize information for immediate use and store it for future use |
| The two divisions of nervous system | Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| Nerve cells are called | neurons or nerve fibers |
| Dendrites are | processes that transmit impulses toward the cell body |
| The one axon of a neuron | transmits impulses away from the cell body |
| Dendrites are wrapped in | Schwann cells |
| The layers enclosing the neuron processes are called | the myelin sheath |
| Which of the four quads is a deep muscle? | vastus intermedius |
| Nodes of Ranvier are the parts of the neuron cell membrane that .... | depolarize when an electrical impulse is transmitted |
| Neurolemma | the nuclei and cytoplasm of Schwann cells |
| Neuroglia | Specialized cells found only in the brain and spinal cord |
| The myelin sheaths are formed by | Oligodendrocytes |
| Microglia | clean up cellular debris and damaged cells, and phagocytize pathogens |
| What is the muscle that attaches to the sternum, clavicle and the mastoid process? | the sternocleidomastoid |
| Astrocytes | provides a framework for the migrating neurons that will form the brain |
| Blood-brain barrier | Prevents potentially harmful waster products in the blood from diffusing out in to brain tissue |
| What transmits impulses across a synapse? | neurotransmitters |
| Acetylcholine is a | neurotransmitter |
| Cholinesterase is the inactivator of | acetylcholine |
| Achilles's tendon is also known as | calcaneal tendon |
| There are three type of neurons: | sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons |
| The hamstrings are called | semimembranosis, semitendonosis, and the biceps femoris |
| Sensory neurons carry impulses from ________ to the ____________ | receptors, central nervous system |
| Motor neurons carry impulses from the _______ to ________ | central nervous system, effectors |
| Sensory and motor neurons make up the | peripheral nervous system |
| Interneurons are found entirely within the _________. They carry sensory and motor neurons, or _________ both | central nervous system, integrate |
| A nerve is a group of _______ or ______ of many neurons | axons or dendrites |
| Sensory nerves are made only of _______ _______ | sensory neurons |
| Motor nerves are made only of _______ _______ | motor neurons |
| Mixed nerves contains both _______ and ______ neurons | sensory and motor |
| Pronation | turning something down |
| supination | turning something up |
| Dorsiflexion | pulling toes up |
| plantarflexion | pointing toes down |
| Saltatory conduction | The presence of an insulating myelin sheath increases the velocity of the impulses, since only the nodes of Ranvier depolarize |
| Ascending tracts | carry sensory impulses to the brain |
| Descending tracts | carry motor impulses away from the brain |
| There are ________ pairs of spinal nerves | 31 |
| There are ______ cervical pairs of nerves | 8 |
| There are ________ thoracic pairs of nerves | 12 |
| There are _____ lumbar pairs of nerves | 5 |
| There are _____ sacral pairs of nerves | 5 |
| There is ______ coccygeal pair of nerves | 1 |
| The dorsal root of a spinal nerve is | made of sensory neurons |
| The dorsal root ganglion is | an enlarged part of the dorsal root that contain teh cell bodies of teh snesory neurons |
| Origin for trapezius muscle | occipital bone |
| Ganglion means | a group of cell bodies outside the CNS |
| The ventral root of a spinal nerve is | the motor root |
| A reflex is | an involuntary response to a stimulus, that is, an automatic action stimulated by a specific change of some kind |
| Spinal cord reflexes are | those that do not depend directly on the brain |
| Receptors | detect a change (the stimulus) and generate impulses |
| Sensory neurons | Transmt ipulses from receptros to the CNS |
| Central nervous system | Contains one or more synapses (interneurons may be part of the pathway). |
| Motor neurons | Transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector |
| Effector | Performs its characteristic action |
| Stretch reflex | A muscle that is stretched will automatically contract |
| The major parts of the brain are | the medulla, pons, and midbrain (collectively called the brainstem), the cerebellum, the hypothalamus, the thalamus and the cerebrum |
| Ventricles | four cavities within the brain |
| Medulla | contains the cardiac centers that regulate heart rate, vasomotor centers that regulate the diameter of blood vessels and, thereby, blood pressure, and respiratory centers that regulate breathing |
| The second origin of the trapezius is | all of the thoracic vertebrae |
| The pons | includes two respiratory centers that work with those in the medulla to produce a normal breathing rhythm |
| The insertion of the trapezius is | the spine of the scapula and the clavicle |
| The origin of the triceps is | the humerus and the scapula |
| The insertion of the triceps is | the ulna |
| The midbrain encloses the | cerebral aqueduct |
| The origin of the gastrocnemius | is the femur |
| The insertion of the gastrocnemius | calcaneus |
| Action of gastrocnemius | plantarflexion |
| The origin of the tibialis anterior | tibia |
| The insertion of the tibialis anterior | Metatarsals |
| The origin of the hamstrings is | the ischium |
| The insertion of the hamstrings is | tibia and fibula |
| The action of the hamstrings is | flexion of the lower leg |
| the midbrain integrates | different reflexes including visual and auditory |
| Cerebellum controls | coordination, regulation of muscle tone, the appropriate trajectory and endpoint of movements and the maintenance of posture and equilibrium |
| Name the first thing the hypothalamus controls | the production of antidiuretic hormone |
| Name the second thing the hypothalamus controls | Production of releasing hormones (also called releasing factors) that stimulate the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland |
| Action of trapezius | Adducts shoulders (moves towards midline), raises and lowers shoulders |
| Name the third thing the hypothalamus controls | Regulation of body temperature |
| Name the fourth thing the hypothalamus controls | Regulation of food intake |
| Name the fifth thing the hypothalamus controls | Integration of the function of the autonomic nervous system |
| Name the sixth thing the hypothalamus controls | Stimulation of visceral responses during emotional situations |
| Name the seventh thing the hypothalamus controls | Regulation of body rhythms |
| Thalamus controls most of the | things concerned with sensation, but it also controls alertness and awakeness |
| Cerebrum is the | largest part of the human brain |
| The cerebrum consists of two | hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure |
| At the base of the longitudinal fissue is the | corpus callosum |
| The corpus callosum is a band of | 200 million neurons that connects the right and left hemispheres |
| The surface of the cerebrum is gray matter called the | cerebral cortex |
| The cerebral cortex is _______ extensively | folded |
| The folds in the cerebral cortex are called | convolutions or gyri |
| The grooves between the folds in the cerebral cortex are called | fissures or sulci |
| Within the frontal lobes are the | motor areas |
| Anterior to the motor areas in the frontal lobes are the | premotor areas |
| The premotor areas are concerned with | learned motor skills that require a sequence of movements |
| The part of the frontal lobes behind the eyes are called | the prefrontal or orbitofrontal cortex |
| The orbitofrontal cortex is concerned with | social and emotional feelings |
| Broca's motor speech controls | the movements of the mouth involved in speaking |
| The general sensory areas of the parietal lobes receive | impulses from receptors in the skin and feel and interpret the cutaneous sensations |
| The taste areas of the parietal and temporal lobes | receive impulses from taste buds on the tongue and elsewhere in the oral cavity |
| The olfactory areas in the temporal lobes | receive impulses from receptors in the nasal cavities for the sense of smell |
| a sarcomere is capped off by | z discs/z lines |
| The auditory areas in the temporal lobes | receive impulses from receptors in the inner ear for hearing |
| What is the first step for muscle contraction | A nerve impulses arrives at the axon terminal, acetylcholine is released and diffuses across the synapse to the sarcolemma |
| What is the second step for muscle contraction | Acetylocholine bonds to acetylcholine receptors and makes the sarcolemma more permeable to Na+ ions, which rush into teh cells |
| What is the third step for muscle contraction | The sarcolemma depolarizes, becoming negative outside and positice inside. The T tubules bring the reversal of charges to the interior of the muscle cells |
| What is the fourth step for muscle contraction | Depolarization stimulates the release of Ca 2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions bond to the troponin-tropomyosin complex, which sifts it away from the actin filaments |
| What is the fifth step for muscle contraction | Myosin splits ATP to release its energy |
| What is the sixth step for muscle contraction | All of the sarcomeres in a muscle fiber sorten--the entire muscle fiber contracts. |
| What is the seventh step for muscle contraction | The sarcolemma repolarizes: K+ ions leave the cell, restoring a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside. |
| What is the eighth step for muscle contraction | Cholinesterase in the sarcolemma inactivates acetylcholine |
| What is the ninth step for muscle contraction | Subsequent nerve impulses will prolong contraction |
| What is the tenth step for muscle contraction | When there are no further impulses, the muscle fiber will relax and return to its original length |
| The occipital lobes arein charge of | seeing |
| Hippocampus is in charge of | personality/memories |
| basal ganglia | coordinate accessory movements |
| The meninges cover | the brain and the spinal cord |
| Name the 3 layers of the meninges | Dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater |
| What is the thick, outermost layer of the meninges | Dura mater |
| What is the middle layer of the meninges made of web-like strands of connective tissue | arachnoid membrane |
| What is the thin innermost membrane of the meninges | pia mater |
| ANS stands for | autonomic nervous system |
| The autonomic nervous system is part of | the peripheral nervous system |
| Visceral motor neurons make up the | autonomic nervous system |
| Adduction of the leg is caused by | adductor longus, gracilis |
| What muscle causes plantar flexion | gastrocnemius |
| What muscle would cause extension of the arm | tricep |
| What muscle would cause elevation of the arms | deltoid |
| If you're doing a pushup, this is one of the major muscle involved | pectoralis major |
| What muscle is responsible for the flexion of the lower leg | biceps formalis, semimembranosis, semitendonosis |
| Name a muscle that would cause extension of the lower leg | vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus femoralis, rectus femoralis |
| This muscle could aid in flexion of the hip | internal obliques, abdominal muscles, |
| Which muscles could potentially turn the head | platysma, sternocleidomastoid |
| The sympathetic division of the ANS brings about | rapid and widespread responses in many organs (stress situations) |
| The parasympathetic division of the ANS brings about | very localized responses in one organ (relaxed situations) |
| Cranial nerve #1 | Olfactory |
| Cranial nerve #2 | Optic |
| Cranial nerve #3 | Ocular motor |
| Cranial nerve #4 | Trochlear |
| Cranial nerve #5 | Trigeminal |
| Cranial nerve #6 | Abducens |
| Cranial nerve #7 | Facial |
| Cranial nerve #8 | acoustic |
| Cranial nerve #9 | Glossopharyngeal |
| Cranial nerve #10 | vagus |
| Cranial nerve #11 | accessory |
| Cranial nerve #12 | hypoglossal |
| Somatic sensory | receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses |
| visceral sensory | receives sensory information from organs |
| somatic motor | "voluntary" nervous system |
| autonomic motor | "involuntary" nervous system |
| The central nervous system (CNS) consists of | the brain and the spinal cord |
| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of | cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
| The PNS includes teh | autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| The five essential parts of a reflex are | receptors, sensory neurons, central nervous system, motor neurons and effector |
| Flexor reflex | A reflex where you pull away from a potentially harmful or painful stimulus |
| State the locations of cerebrospinal fluid | central canal of spine, subarachnoid spaces, ventricles of brain |
| What is cerebrospinal fluid made of? | Blood plasma |
| What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid? | To exchange nutrients and waste with blood and to act as a shock absorber |
| What is the function of the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve? | Sense of taste and cardiac functions |
| What is the function of the olfactory cranial nerve? | sense of smell |
| What is the function of the trigeminal cranial nerve? | Sensation in face, scalp, and teeth, contraction of chewing muscles |
| What is the function of the facial cranial nerve? | sense of taste, contraction of facial muscles, secretion of saliva |
| What is the function of the vagus cranial nerve? | Sensory in cardiac, respiratory and blood pressure reflexes; contraction of pharynx; secretion of saliva |
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