Operant conditioning
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| Thorndike's Law of Effect | show 🗑
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| Trial-and-error learning | show 🗑
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| Puzzle Box | show 🗑
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| show | A type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated in order to: increase or decrease the frequency of a response, Shape an entirely new response
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| show | Anything that:
1. Follows a response and strengthens it
2. Increases the probability that is will occur
ex. Paying bills on time to avoid steep late fees
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| show | Any desirable of pleasant consequence that:
1. Follows a response
2. Increases the probability that the response will be repeated
Roughly the same as a reward; When you smile at people and they smile back you want to smile at everyone
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| show | termination of an unpleasant condition after a response; increases the probability that the response will be repeated; ex. turning on air conditioning to avoid the heat; heroin addicts will do anything to get another fix to avoid the pains of withdrawals
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| show | studying in advance, with a group of people, and studying more relieves test anxiety. therefore test anxiety is a negative reinforcer
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| show | fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning ex. food, water, sleep
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| Secondary reinforcer | show 🗑
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| Shaping | show 🗑
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| show | A series of gradual steps, each of which is more similar to the final desired response; ex. parents praising a child each time they show improvement, circus animals learn tricks
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| show | Weakening or disappearance of a conditioned response due to withholding reinforcers
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| Generalization | show 🗑
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| show | A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished; Children misbehave with grandparents be cause parents are not present
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| show | A systematic process for administering reinforcement
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| show | Reinforcement given after a fixed number of responses; an effective way to maintain a high response rate; The faster the response the more reinforcers they receive; paid by how much you do
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| When large ratios are used: | show 🗑
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| Variable ratio | show 🗑
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| show | Reinforcement given following a correct response after a specific time interval has passed; workers paid by salary (same amount regardless of hours worked); responding will decline after reinforcement and increase right before reinforcement
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| show | reinforcement given after the first correct response that follows a varying amount of time; based on average time; maintains a steady and uniform rate of response but lower than ratio schedules; random drug testing
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| Partial reinforcement effect | show 🗑
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| show | Rewards are among the most important influences that shape behavior; overuse of tangible rewards may undermine people's intrinsic motivation to regulate their own behavior
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| show | 1. The magnitude of reinforcement
2. The immediacy of reinforcement
3. The level of motivation of the learner
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| show | As magnitude increases, acquisition of a response is faster, rate of responding is higher, and resistance to extinction is greater
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| The immediacy of reinforcement | show 🗑
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| show | When food is a reinforcer, a hungry animal learns faster than a full one; If you are motivated to learn tennis you will practice more
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| show | The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus lowers the probability of the response
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| show | Behavior decreases from an added consequence; students stop staying up late after sleeping through an important exam
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| show | Behavior decreases from the removal of a consequence, usually a desirable one; a driver speeds less often after having his license suspended for 6 months
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| show | -Punishment does not extinguish undesirable behavior
-Punishment indicates that a behavior is unacceptable but does not help develop more appropriate behavior
-turns the punished hostile toward the punisher
-leads to aggression
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| Punishment does not extinguish an undesirable behavior | show 🗑
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| Punishment does not develop more appropriate behavior | show 🗑
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| show | May be accompanied by a desire to retaliate, avoid, or escape the punisher or the punishing situation ex. running away from home; loss of privilege is more effective than physical punishment and causes less fear and hostility
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| Punishment leads to aggression | show 🗑
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| making punishment more effective | show 🗑
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| Punishment is most effective when applied right after misbehavior | show 🗑
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| show | severe punishments leads to adverse side effects; purpose of punishment is not to vent anger but to prevent the action, angry punishment wont produce desired outcome mild punishment wont either; the punishment must be worse than the behavior is rewarding
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| show | parents cannot ignore behavior one day and punish it the next; both parents should react the same way; the behavior will be suppressed when the probability of punishment is high; people wont speed when being followed by a police car
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| Learned helplessness | show 🗑
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| show | Dogs in harness received electric shock, later the dogs that received shock and control group were put in a box; when the warning sound for the shock went off the control group jumped away but the group that received the shock didnt move
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| show | Humans who suffered painful experiences they could not avoid or escape may simply give up and react to disappointment in life by becoming inactive, withdrawn, and depressed
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