Prenatal Care
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| What is TPAL an abbreviation for? | *T-term infants *P-preterm infants *A-aborted pregnancies *L-living children now
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| What is often the first sign of pregnancy? | Amenorrhea
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| When does nausea and vomiting begin and end? | Begins about 6 weeks after LMP began and usually disappears by about 14 weeks
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| What causes nausea and vomiting during pregnancy? | Increase hormones and Decreased gastric motility
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| Define presumptive signs of pregnancy: | indicators that a woman may be pregnant, but these signs may also be indicators of other conditions not related to pregnancy.
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| What are some presumptive signs of pregnancy? | *Amenorrhea *Nausea and vomiting *Breast changes: swelling and tenderness. *Urinary frequency. *Fatigue. *Quickening. *Change in shape of abdomen. *Skin changes. *Chadwickâs sign
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| Define probable signs of pregnancy: | Signs that are observable during the physical and obstetrical exam and can be documented by the examiner.
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| What are some probable signs of pregnancy? | *Goodell's sign *Abdominal enlargement: accompanied by amenorrhea *Hegar's sign *Braxton-Hicks contractions *Ballottement *Fetal outline *Pregnancy tests
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| What is goodells sign? | softening of the cervix and vagina.
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| What is hegars sign? | softening of the lower uterine segment
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| What is ballottement? | palpatory maneuver by which the fetal part is displaced
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| How is the fetal outline found? | by palpation after the 24th week.
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| What are three pregnancy tests? | *Radioimmunoassay (RIA) *ELISA *Home Pregnancy Test Kits
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| What are positive signs of pregnancy (The only signs accepted as positive confirmation)? | *Fetal Heartbeat *Fetal Movements *Visualization of Fetus
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| What is the average duration of a term of pregnancy? | 40 weeks (280 days) after the first day of the last normal menstrual period (LNMP). It is also called 10 "lunar" months of 28 days each or 9 calendar months.
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| How is pregnancy divided? | into three 13-week parts called trimesters
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| What is the Nageles rule in calculating the Estimated Due Date (EDD) | Identify the first day of the last normal menstrual period ,Count backward 3 months, Add 7 days
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| What are the methods of calculating EDD? | *Nageles rule *Gestational wheel *Electronic calculator *Physical exam *Ultrasound
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| When does finding a comfortable position for rest become a problem? | 3rd trimester
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| Fill in the blanks: Women who have no medical or obstetric complications should exercise in moderation each day for _________ or more during pregnancy | 30 minutes
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| What are ideal exersizes during pregnancy? | Walking, swimming, and water exercises
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| In what position is exersizing unsafe, and why? | Supine position, because it may cause decreased cardiac output and hypotension.
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| Fill in the blanks: ___________ protects pregnant women from infections that may develop if normal flora multiplies | Daily bathing
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| What is maternal hypothermia during the first trimester associated with? | Fetal anomalies
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| Fill in the blanks: Caution the pregnant woman not be in a sauna for more than _________ or a hot tub for more than ________ and to keep her head and chest out of the water | 15 minutes, 10 minutes
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| What is douching during pregnancy associated with? | infection, preterm labor, and low birth weight
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| Fill in the blanks: Despite increased vaginal discharge, ________ is unnecessary before, during or after pregnancy | Douching
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| After what week of pregnancy do physicians discourage flying? | 36 weeks
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| What must the pregnant woman prevent while flying? | DVT
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| What are good ways to reduce nausea? | *Dry toast or crackers before rising in the morning. *Fluids between meals rather than with meals. *Small, frequent meals. *Avoid fried, greasy or spicy foods and foods with strong odors
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| What are good ways to reduce ligament pain? | *Good body mechanics and avoid very strenuous exercise *Avoid stretching and twisting at the same time *Bend toward the pain, squat, or bring the knees up to chest *Heating pad
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| What are good ways to reduce backache? | *Maintain correct posture *Good body mechanics *Arm rests, foot supports and pillows *Exercises
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| What are good ways to reduce constipation? | *Drink at least 8 glasses of water/day *Add fiber and avoid over consumption of *cheese *Curtail the intake of sweets *Take Iron as ordered
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| What are good ways to reduce varicosities? | *Avoid constricting clothing and crossing legs. *Elevate legs when resting. *Support hose. *Avoid prolonged standing. Walk around every couple of hours
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| What are good ways to reduce hemorrhoids? | *Anesthetic ointments, witch hazel pads or rectal suppositories. *Sitz baths. *Avoid constipation
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| What are good ways to reduce heartburn? | *Eat small meals throughout the day *Advise to sit up for 30 min after eating and sleep with extra pillows *Use deep breathing and sips of water *May use TUMS or other low sodium antacid. *Do not drink liquids 2 hours before sleep at night
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| What are good ways to reduce Nasal Stuffiness and Epistaxis? | *Raise humidity in house with use of vaporizers *Blow nose gently. *If bleeding occurs, apply pressure and ice and call health care provider if bleeding lasts >5 min. *Saline drops
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| What are good ways to reduce dyspnea? | *Prop upper torso when resting. *Avoid overloading stomach
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| What are good ways to reduce leg cramps? | *Stretch affected muscle until spasm relaxes. *Use massage and heat over affected muscle. *Consult health care provider for ways to restore calcium-phosphorus ratio in the body
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| What are good ways to reduce ankle edema? | *Rest. *Elevate legs. *Avoid restrictive clothing. *Exercise moderately - water aerobics if okay with provider. *DIURETICS CONTRAINDICATED
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| What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for a normal woman? | 25-35 pounds
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| What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for an underweight woman? | 28-40 pounds
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| What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for an obese woman? | 15 pounds
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| What is the recommended pregnancy weight gain for twins woman? | 35-45 pounds
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| How much weight should be gained the 1st trimester? How much for the remainder? | 3.5 in 1st trimester, Just under one pound per week for remainder
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| How much protein per day should the pregnant woman eat? | 25g/day over normal diet
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| How much calcium per day should the pregnant woman eat? | 1000mg/day over normal diet
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| How much iron per day should the pregnant woman eat? | 30mg/day over normal diet
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| How much folic acid per day should the pregnant woman eat? | 0.6mg/day over normal diet
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| Define pica: | the craving and eating of substances that are not normally considered edible. Substances such as clay, ice, dirt, or laundry starch are commonly ingested
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| What ethnic groups are more likely to require calcium supplements, and why? | People from Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Hispanics due to higher rates of lactose intolerance.
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| What are 3 methods of prepared childbirth? | *Dick-Read Method *Bradley Method *Lamaze
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| What is the bradley method of childbirth? | Focuses on natural, drug free childbirth, and abdominal breathing
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| What is the dick-read method of childbirth? | Natural childbirth with as little intervention from obstetricians and health professionals as possible, interrupting the pain/fear/anxiety to reduce pain
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| What foods are good sources of calcium? | Dairy products, green leafy vegetables, salmon and sardines
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| What foods are good sources of iron? | *Fish *Red meats *Whole grains *Dried beans and peas *Dried fruits *Leafy green vegetables
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| Why is sodium no longer restricted in pregnancy and diuretics not advised? | Excess fluid may support blood volume in the mother, should hemorrhage occur.
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