Physiology of Pregnancy and Prenatal Developement
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| Define gametogenesis: | the development of ova in the woman and sperm in the man
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| Define Oogenesis: | formation of female gamete
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| Define spermatogenesis: | formation of male gamete.
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| Define meiosis: | the process in which cells divide to form gametes
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| What is conception? | Human fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates an ovum and unites it.
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| When does ovulation begin? | approximately 14 days before a woman’s next menstrual cycle
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| The egg is estimated to survive no longer than what after its release at ovulation? | 24 hours
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| How long after release from ovary does the ovum reach the uterus? | approximately 3 days
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| Fill in the blanks: most sperm survive no longer than _________ in the female reproductive tract, but a few may remain fertile for up to _________ | 24 hours, 5 days
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| Out of the millions of sperm released, how many reach the fallopian tube? | Fewer than 200
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| True or False: Mature sperm immediadely ejaculated have the best fertilization rate | False. It is during the trip to the ovum, they undergo changes that enable one of them to penetrate the protective layers surrounding the ovum, a process called capacitation.
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| What is capacitation? | The change undergone by spermatozoa in the female genital tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize an egg.
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| What is fertilization? | when one spermatozoon enters the ovum and the two nuclei containing the parents’ chromosomes merge.
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| Where does fertilization occur? | In the distal 3rd of the fallopian tube near the ovary
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| When is fertilization complete and cell division can begin? | when the nuclei of the sperm and ovum unit
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| When is the pre-embryonic period? | the first 2 weeks after conception
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| When does the zygote (blastocyst) enter the uterus? | Around the 4th day after conception, when the blastocyst contains approximately 100 cells
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| When does the zygote become a morula? | The zygote divides until it reaches 16 cells at which time it is called a morula
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| What does a morula resemble? | A mulberry
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| Fill in the blanks: The outer cells of the morula secrete fluid, forming a __________, a sac of cells with an inner cell mass placed off center within the sac | Blastocyst
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| Part of the outer layer cells of the blastocyst develope into what? | Placenta and fetal membranes
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| How long does the blastocyst linger in the uterus before beginning implantations? | 2 to 4 days
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| What is the endometrium called once the blastocyst implants? | Decidua
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| What does the decidua do after blastocyst implants and before placental circulation is established? | secretes rich fluids to nourish the zygote
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| When does implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus occur? | between the 6th and 10th day after conception
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| What does the zygote/blastocyst secrete to signal a continuing supply of estrogen and progesterone? | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
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| Where does normal implantation occur? | in the upper uterus, slightly more often on the posterior wall than the anterior wall
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| HOW is the zygote nourished with nutrients before circulatory system is established? | Primary chorionic villi form that nourish the zygote by diffusion
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| What will the Primary chorionic villi eventually become? | The fetal side of the placenta
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| When is the zygote/blastocyst fully imbedded within the uterous? | by 10 days
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| The zygote implants around the same timeline as what, and what may occur? | usually near the time of the next menstrual period, a small amount of bleeding (which may be confused with the normal period)
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| When is the embryonic period? | 3rd week through the 8th week after conception
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| Fill in the blanks: By the end of the 8th week, all _____ _____ systems are in place in the fetus and many are _______, although in a simple way | Major organ systems, functioning
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| The rapidly developing structures of the embryo are vulnerable to damage from what? | teratogens (drugs, viruses, radiation, and infectious agents)
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| When is the fetal stage? | 9th week until birth
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| How does zygote growth proceed? | cephalocaudal and central-to-peripheral direction (head to bottom, central to outward)
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| What are the 3 primary cell layers of the embryo? | *Ectoderm *Mesoderm *Endoderm
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| When is the unborn child at most risk from teratogenic agents? | During the embryonic phase when growth is most rapid
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| What forms in the embryo in week 3? | *Neural tube forms. *Primitive brain. *Primitive spinal cord. *A primitive or tubular heart
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| When does the embryos heart begin beating? | 22-23 days after conception
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| When does the neural tube close, and what can prevent its closure? | week 4, folic acid deficiency
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| When does the embryonic heart form 4 chambers? | weeks 4-5
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| When is the most notable intestinal growth? | week 7
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| When are fingers and toes formed? | week 8
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| when do first fetal movements begin? | weeks 9-12
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| When does urine production begin? | weeks 9-12
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| When can gender be determined? | end of 12th week
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| When does quickening begin? | weeks 13-16
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| When does lanugo (fine hair), eyebrows, and head hair present? | weeks 17-20
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| What is brown fat? | special heat-producing fat that helps newborn maintain temperature stability after birth
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| When is brown fat deposited? | weeks 17-20
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| When do the lungs begin to produce surfactant? | weeks 21-24, alveoli are still immature
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| When are fetuses more likely to survive if born as lungs and CNS have matured? | weeks 25-28
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| When does fetus assume head down position? | weeks 25-28
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| When do fingernails and toenails present? | weeks 29-32
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| When does the rate of growth slow? | weeks 33-38
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| What is the placenta? | disk-like organ made up of about 15-20 segments (cotyledons) that is present only during pregnancy, and is the site of exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between mother and child
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| What four hormones does the placenta produce? | *Progesterone. *Estrogen. *Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). *Human placental lactogen (hPL).
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| What appearance does the maternal side of the placenta have, and why? | a "beefy" red appearance due to the large number of arterioles and venules.
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| What is the maternal side of the placenta referred to as? | “Dirty Duncan”.
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| What appearance does the fetal membrane of the placenta have? | a grayish, shiny appearance
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| What is the fetal membrane referred to as? | “Shiny Schultz”.
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| How many fetal membranes are there? | two, though they are so close as to be one (the “bag of waters”), and they can be separated
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| What is the inner fetal membrane? | The amnion
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| What is the outer fetal membrane? | The chorion
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| What is the amniotic sac? | A sac made up of the chorion and the amnion that contains the fetus and amniotic fluid
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| How does the amniotic fluid appear normally? | Clear and yellowish
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| What is needed for symmetrical developement of the fetus? | adequate amounts of amniotic fluid
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| What is the volume of amniotic fluid at 40 weeks? | 700-800 ml
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| What are the components of amniotic fluid? | *Albumin. *Urea. *Bilirubin. *Vernix. *Lanugo. *Fructose. *Fat.
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| What may be tested to determine the health and development of the fetus during the later stages of pregnancy? How early can it be tested? | Amniotic fluid, 8 weeks
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| What does the placenta contain? | 2 arteries and one vein
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| What do the arteries of the placenta carry? | deoxygenated blood back and waste products away from the fetus to the placenta
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| What does the placental vein carry? | freshly oxygenated and nutrient-laden blood to the fetus
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| What protects the umbilical cord from compression? | Wharton's jelly
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| What kind of pain does the umbilical cord transmit? | Trick question. It has no pain receptors.
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| Which hormone provides for the expansion needed during pregnancy of the uterus, breast and breast glandular tissues, also plays a role in increasing vascularity and vasodilatation of the villous capillaries of the placenta? | Estrogen
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| What happens with a newborns first breath? | lungs expand and the fluid within them is absorbed into the pulmonary circulation
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| What causes the foramen ovale to close? | the pressure in the left atrium exceeding the pressure in the right atrium
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| What causes the ductus arteriosus to close? | the increased oxygen content of the newborn's blood
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| What is the foramen ovale? | An opening from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetus
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| What is the route of circulation in the fetus? | Vena cava -> Right atrium -> Left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta
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| How are twins classified? | monozygotic and dizygotic
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| What are monozygotic twins? | The twins carry the same genetic code and are the same sex share a placenta, but each has a separate umbilical cord
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| What are dizygotic twins? | These twins have a separate placenta, and the sex and genetic makeup can vary. Dizygotic twins are no more closely related than siblings born at different times
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| Fill in the blanks: ______ ______ are more common in twins | Birth defects
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| What are the three ducts in fetal circulation? | *Portal sinus *Ductus venosus *Ductus arteriosus
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| What are the three ducts in fetal circulation? | *Portal sinus *Ductus venosus *Ductus arteriosus
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