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68wm6 p2 Phy Preg De
Physiology of Pregnancy and Prenatal Developement
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define gametogenesis: | the development of ova in the woman and sperm in the man |
| Define Oogenesis: | formation of female gamete |
| Define spermatogenesis: | formation of male gamete. |
| Define meiosis: | the process in which cells divide to form gametes |
| What is conception? | Human fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates an ovum and unites it. |
| When does ovulation begin? | approximately 14 days before a woman’s next menstrual cycle |
| The egg is estimated to survive no longer than what after its release at ovulation? | 24 hours |
| How long after release from ovary does the ovum reach the uterus? | approximately 3 days |
| Fill in the blanks: most sperm survive no longer than _________ in the female reproductive tract, but a few may remain fertile for up to _________ | 24 hours, 5 days |
| Out of the millions of sperm released, how many reach the fallopian tube? | Fewer than 200 |
| True or False: Mature sperm immediadely ejaculated have the best fertilization rate | False. It is during the trip to the ovum, they undergo changes that enable one of them to penetrate the protective layers surrounding the ovum, a process called capacitation. |
| What is capacitation? | The change undergone by spermatozoa in the female genital tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize an egg. |
| What is fertilization? | when one spermatozoon enters the ovum and the two nuclei containing the parents’ chromosomes merge. |
| Where does fertilization occur? | In the distal 3rd of the fallopian tube near the ovary |
| When is fertilization complete and cell division can begin? | when the nuclei of the sperm and ovum unit |
| When is the pre-embryonic period? | the first 2 weeks after conception |
| When does the zygote (blastocyst) enter the uterus? | Around the 4th day after conception, when the blastocyst contains approximately 100 cells |
| When does the zygote become a morula? | The zygote divides until it reaches 16 cells at which time it is called a morula |
| What does a morula resemble? | A mulberry |
| Fill in the blanks: The outer cells of the morula secrete fluid, forming a __________, a sac of cells with an inner cell mass placed off center within the sac | Blastocyst |
| Part of the outer layer cells of the blastocyst develope into what? | Placenta and fetal membranes |
| How long does the blastocyst linger in the uterus before beginning implantations? | 2 to 4 days |
| What is the endometrium called once the blastocyst implants? | Decidua |
| What does the decidua do after blastocyst implants and before placental circulation is established? | secretes rich fluids to nourish the zygote |
| When does implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus occur? | between the 6th and 10th day after conception |
| What does the zygote/blastocyst secrete to signal a continuing supply of estrogen and progesterone? | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) |
| Where does normal implantation occur? | in the upper uterus, slightly more often on the posterior wall than the anterior wall |
| HOW is the zygote nourished with nutrients before circulatory system is established? | Primary chorionic villi form that nourish the zygote by diffusion |
| What will the Primary chorionic villi eventually become? | The fetal side of the placenta |
| When is the zygote/blastocyst fully imbedded within the uterous? | by 10 days |
| The zygote implants around the same timeline as what, and what may occur? | usually near the time of the next menstrual period, a small amount of bleeding (which may be confused with the normal period) |
| When is the embryonic period? | 3rd week through the 8th week after conception |
| Fill in the blanks: By the end of the 8th week, all _____ _____ systems are in place in the fetus and many are _______, although in a simple way | Major organ systems, functioning |
| The rapidly developing structures of the embryo are vulnerable to damage from what? | teratogens (drugs, viruses, radiation, and infectious agents) |
| When is the fetal stage? | 9th week until birth |
| How does zygote growth proceed? | cephalocaudal and central-to-peripheral direction (head to bottom, central to outward) |
| What are the 3 primary cell layers of the embryo? | *Ectoderm *Mesoderm *Endoderm |
| When is the unborn child at most risk from teratogenic agents? | During the embryonic phase when growth is most rapid |
| What forms in the embryo in week 3? | *Neural tube forms. *Primitive brain. *Primitive spinal cord. *A primitive or tubular heart |
| When does the embryos heart begin beating? | 22-23 days after conception |
| When does the neural tube close, and what can prevent its closure? | week 4, folic acid deficiency |
| When does the embryonic heart form 4 chambers? | weeks 4-5 |
| When is the most notable intestinal growth? | week 7 |
| When are fingers and toes formed? | week 8 |
| when do first fetal movements begin? | weeks 9-12 |
| When does urine production begin? | weeks 9-12 |
| When can gender be determined? | end of 12th week |
| When does quickening begin? | weeks 13-16 |
| When does lanugo (fine hair), eyebrows, and head hair present? | weeks 17-20 |
| What is brown fat? | special heat-producing fat that helps newborn maintain temperature stability after birth |
| When is brown fat deposited? | weeks 17-20 |
| When do the lungs begin to produce surfactant? | weeks 21-24, alveoli are still immature |
| When are fetuses more likely to survive if born as lungs and CNS have matured? | weeks 25-28 |
| When does fetus assume head down position? | weeks 25-28 |
| When do fingernails and toenails present? | weeks 29-32 |
| When does the rate of growth slow? | weeks 33-38 |
| What is the placenta? | disk-like organ made up of about 15-20 segments (cotyledons) that is present only during pregnancy, and is the site of exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between mother and child |
| What four hormones does the placenta produce? | *Progesterone. *Estrogen. *Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). *Human placental lactogen (hPL). |
| What appearance does the maternal side of the placenta have, and why? | a "beefy" red appearance due to the large number of arterioles and venules. |
| What is the maternal side of the placenta referred to as? | “Dirty Duncan”. |
| What appearance does the fetal membrane of the placenta have? | a grayish, shiny appearance |
| What is the fetal membrane referred to as? | “Shiny Schultz”. |
| How many fetal membranes are there? | two, though they are so close as to be one (the “bag of waters”), and they can be separated |
| What is the inner fetal membrane? | The amnion |
| What is the outer fetal membrane? | The chorion |
| What is the amniotic sac? | A sac made up of the chorion and the amnion that contains the fetus and amniotic fluid |
| How does the amniotic fluid appear normally? | Clear and yellowish |
| What is needed for symmetrical developement of the fetus? | adequate amounts of amniotic fluid |
| What is the volume of amniotic fluid at 40 weeks? | 700-800 ml |
| What are the components of amniotic fluid? | *Albumin. *Urea. *Bilirubin. *Vernix. *Lanugo. *Fructose. *Fat. |
| What may be tested to determine the health and development of the fetus during the later stages of pregnancy? How early can it be tested? | Amniotic fluid, 8 weeks |
| What does the placenta contain? | 2 arteries and one vein |
| What do the arteries of the placenta carry? | deoxygenated blood back and waste products away from the fetus to the placenta |
| What does the placental vein carry? | freshly oxygenated and nutrient-laden blood to the fetus |
| What protects the umbilical cord from compression? | Wharton's jelly |
| What kind of pain does the umbilical cord transmit? | Trick question. It has no pain receptors. |
| Which hormone provides for the expansion needed during pregnancy of the uterus, breast and breast glandular tissues, also plays a role in increasing vascularity and vasodilatation of the villous capillaries of the placenta? | Estrogen |
| What happens with a newborns first breath? | lungs expand and the fluid within them is absorbed into the pulmonary circulation |
| What causes the foramen ovale to close? | the pressure in the left atrium exceeding the pressure in the right atrium |
| What causes the ductus arteriosus to close? | the increased oxygen content of the newborn's blood |
| What is the foramen ovale? | An opening from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetus |
| What is the route of circulation in the fetus? | Vena cava -> Right atrium -> Left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta |
| How are twins classified? | monozygotic and dizygotic |
| What are monozygotic twins? | The twins carry the same genetic code and are the same sex share a placenta, but each has a separate umbilical cord |
| What are dizygotic twins? | These twins have a separate placenta, and the sex and genetic makeup can vary. Dizygotic twins are no more closely related than siblings born at different times |
| Fill in the blanks: ______ ______ are more common in twins | Birth defects |
| What are the three ducts in fetal circulation? | *Portal sinus *Ductus venosus *Ductus arteriosus |
| What are the three ducts in fetal circulation? | *Portal sinus *Ductus venosus *Ductus arteriosus |
Created by:
Shanejqb
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