Thinking and Language
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| Thinking | mental activity that involves understanding, manipulating, and communicating information.
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| Symbol | an object or an act that stands for something else.
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| Concept | a mental structure used to categorize objects, people, or events that share similar characteristics.
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| Prototype | an original model on which others in the same category are patterned.
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| Algorithm | a problem solving strategy that eventually leads to a situation; usually involves trying random solutions to a problem in a systematic way.
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| Heuristic | a strategy for making judgements and solving problems.
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| Difference Reduction | a problem solving method that involves reducing the difference between the present situation and the desired one.
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| Means-end Analysis | a heuristic device in which a solution to a problem is found by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal.
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| Incubation Effect | the tendency to arrive at a solution after a period of time away from the problem
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| Mental Set | the tendency to approach a new problem in a way that has been successful in the past
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| Functional Fixedness | a barrier to problem solving that involves the tendency to think of objects only in terms of their common uses
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| Convergent Thinking | thinking that is limited to available facts
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| Divergent Thinking | a thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to a problem.
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| Reasoning | the process of drawing logical conclusions from the facts and arguments.
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| Deductive Reasoning | a form of thinking in which conclusions are inferred from premises; the conclusions are true if the premises are true.
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| Premise | a statement or assertion that serves as the basis for an argument
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| Inductive Reasoning | a form of thinking that involves using individual cases or particular facts to reach a general conclusion
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| Confirmation Bias | the tendency to look for information that confirms one’s preconceived notions
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| Representativeness Heuristic | the process of making decisions about a sample according to the population that the sample appears to represent
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| Availability Heuristic | the tendency to make decisions on the basis of information that is available in one’s immediate consciousness
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| Anchoring Heuristic | the process of making decisions based on certain ideas or standards held by the decision maker
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| Framing Effect | the influence of wording, or the way in which information is presented, on decision making
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| Language | the communication of ideas through sounds and symbols that are arranged according to the rules of grammar
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| Phoneme | the basic sound unit in a spoken language
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| Morpheme | the smallest meaningful unit of language, such as prefix or suffix
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| Syntax | the ways in which words and phrases are arranged into grammatical sentences
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| Semantics | the studying in language; the relationship between language and the objects depicted by the language
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| Overregulation | the formation of plurals and the past tense of irregular nouns and verbs according to rules of grammar that apply to regular nouns and verbs; characteristic of the speech of young children
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| Language Acquisition Device | according to Chomsky, the inborn ability of humans to acquire language
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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