Endocrine System
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| glands that secret through a series of ducts | exocrine
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| ductless glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream | endocrine
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| body systems that regulate homeostasis | endocrine and nervous
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| chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to a target organ | hormones
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| processes regulated by hormones | metabolism, growth, development, reproduction
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| decrease in function in response to stimuli | negative feedback
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| "master gland" | pituitary (hypophysis)
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| located in the cranial cavity in a small saddle like depression in the sphenoid bone | pituitary
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| adenohypophysis | anterior pituitary
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| neurohypophysis | posterior pituitary
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| produces the hormones released by the posterior pituitary | hypothalamus
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| causes the relase of posterior pituitary hormones with nerve impulses | hypothalamus
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| only non tropic hormone of the anterior pituitary | prolactin
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| causes the mammary glands to produce milk | prolactin
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| promotes the release of milk and stimulates uterine contractions | oxytocin
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| hormones of the posterior pituitary | ocytocin and ADH
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| GH receptor sites are primarily located in the | bones
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| ACTH receptor sites are primarily located in the | adrenal cortex
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| TSH receptor sites are pprimarily located in the | thyroid
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| FSH and LH receptor sites are primarily located in the | testes/ovaries
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| MSH receptor sites are primarily located in the | skin
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| PRL receptor sites are primarily located in the | mammary glands
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| ADH receptor sites are primarily located in the | renal tubules
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| Oxytocin receptor sites are primarily located in the | uterus and mammary glands
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| also called vasopressin | ADH
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| causes the kidneys to conserve water by decreasing the amount of urine produced | ADH
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| causes constriction of the arterioles in the body resulting in increased blood pressure | ADH
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| butterfly shaped gland with one lobe lying on either side of the trachea | thyroid
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| connects the two lobes of the thyroid | isthmus
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| hormones of the thyroid | thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine(T3), calcitonin
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| adequate oral intake of iodine is necessary for the formation of these hormones | thyroid hormones
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| regulate growth and development, metabolism, and nervous system activity | T3, T4
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| anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the relase of thyroid ormones | TSH
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| decreases blood calcium by causing calcium to be stored in the bones | calcitonin
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| increases the calcium concentration in the blood and regulates blood phosphorus levels | PTH (parathyroid hormone)
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| 4 glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland | parathyroid glands
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| muscle spasms | tetany
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| low levels of this electrolyte result in excitement of nerve cells causing muscle stimulation and tetany | calcium
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| high levels of this electrolyte cause impairment of the heart's ability to function | calcium
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| increases the reabsorbtion of calcium and magnesium from the renal tubules and accelerates the elimination of phosphorus in the urine | PTH
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| small, yellow masses that lie atop the kidneys | adrenal glands
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| outer section of the adrenal glands | cortex
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| small inner section of the adrenal gland | medulla
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| part of the adrenal gland that secretes steriods | cortex
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| three types of steroids | mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones
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| regulates sodium and potassium levels by affecting the renal tubules | aldosterone
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| decreases the level of potassium and increases the level of sodium in the blood | aldosterone
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| sodium retention causes retention of this | water
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| steroids that are primarily involved in water and electrolyte balance and indirectly manage blood pressure | mineralocorticoids
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| steroids that provide extra energy reserve during times of stress and have antiinflammatory properties | glucocorticoids
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| male hormones | androgens
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| female hormones | estrogens
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| hormones of the adrenal medulla | epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| another name for epinephrine | adrenaline
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| increase heart rate and blood pressure, constrict blood vessels, and relase glucose reserves from the liver for systemic "fight or flight" response | epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| elongated gland that lies posterior to the stomach | pancreas
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| secreted by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans | insulin
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| secreted in response to increased blood glucose | insulin
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| secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans | glucagon
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| secreted in response to decreased blood glucose levels | glucagon
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| hormones produced by the ovaries | estrogen and progesterone
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| temporary endocrine gland that forms and functions during pregnancy | placenta
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| hormone produced by the testes | testosterone
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| lies in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum | thymus
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| hormone produced by the thymus | thymosin
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| hormone that plays an active role in the immune system | thymosin
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| "programs" T lyphocytes | thymus
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| small, cone shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain | pineal
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| hormone of the pineal gland | melatonin
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| may inhibit gonadotropic hormones | melatonin
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| prevents sexual maturation of childs body until adulthood | melatonin
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| thought to induce sleep, may affect mood, and has an impact on menstrual cycles | melatonin
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| overproduction of GH in an adult | Acromegaly
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| in acromegaly, any growth that occurs before diagnosis and treatment is | irreversible
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| age of onset of acromegaly is usually | 3rd or fourth decade of life
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| causes enlargement of lower jaw, nose, lips, tongue, hands, feet, heart, liver, spleen and speech difficulties, lowered voice, muscle weakness, joint pain and stiffness, impotence, amenorrhea | acromegaly
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| if acromegaly is caused by a tumor, it can also cause | severe headaches and eventual blindness
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| how is acromegaly treated | surgery, radiation, dopamine agonists, somatostatin analogs
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| overproduction of GH in a child before the closure of epiphyses | gigantism
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| causes of gigantism | idiopathic, tumor, or hypothalamus dysfunction
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| caused by GH deficiency | Dwarfism
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| definitive diagnosis of dwarfism is made by | decreased plasma GH
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| treatment of dwarfism | GH replacement, tumor removal
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| if dwarfism is caused by a tumor, additional manifestations include | headache, visual disturbances, behavioral changes
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| caused by a deficiency of ADH | diabetes insipidus
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| causes of secondary diabetes insipidus | head injury, tumor, aneurysm, infarct, infection (encephalitis, meningitis)
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| primary manifestations are polyuria and polydipsia (5-20 L/day) | diabetes insipidus
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| diabetes insipidus can cause this electrolyte imbalace | hypernatremia
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| lab values indicative of diabetes insipidus | urine specific gravity less than 1.003, serum sodium greater than 145 mEq/L, low urine ADH
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| treatment of diabetes insipidus includes | ADH replacement, caffeine restriction
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| what type of fluids are used for fluid replacement in a patient with diabetes insipidus | hypotonic
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| caused by hypersecretion of ADH | SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH)
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| these medications have been known to cause SIADH | general anesthesia, opiates, barbituates, thiazide diuretics, oral hypoglycemics, oxytocin
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| most common cause of SIADH | malignancies
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| these cancers have been known to cause SIADH | small cell lung cancer, hodgkins/non-hodgkins lymphoma, leukemia, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, duodenal cancer, pancreatic cancer
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| these pulmonary diseases have been known to cause SIADH | COPD, tuberculosis, lung abcess, pneumonia
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| these nervous system issues have been known to cause SIADH | Head trauma, CV thrombosis, cerebral atrophy, encephalitis, meningitis, guillain barre
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| these miscellaneous issues have been known to cause SIADH | hypothyroidism, lupus erythmatosus, adrenal insufficiency
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| two primary manifestations of SIADH | hyponatremia, water retention
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| lab results indicative of SIADH | serum sodium <125 mEq/L
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| Early signs of SIADH | weakness, muscle cramps, anorexia, nausea, headache, low urine output, MINIMAL edema
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| Late signs of SIADH | lethargy, personality changes, seizures, decreased deep tendon reflexes
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| how often should neuro checks be performed in a patient with SIADH | every 3-4 hours
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| how often should lung sounds be auscultated in a patient with SIADH? | every 2-4 hours
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| also called graves disease, exopthalmic goiter, and thyrotoxicosis | hyperthyroidism
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| results from overproduction of T3 and T4 | hyperthyroidism
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| hyperthyroidism most commonly occurs in this population | women 20-40 years old
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| manifestations include anterior neck edema, exopthalmose, inability to concentrate, memory loss, weight loss, increased appetite, increased pulse, increased blood pressure, increased temp, heat intolerance | hyperthyroidism
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| lab results indicative of hyperthyroidism | low TSH, high T3, T4, 35-95% on RAIU
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| this medication of the treatment of acute hyperthyroidism must be taken TID and has a faster onset of action | propylthiouracil (PTU, Tapazole)
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| this medication for acute hyperthyroidism is preferred because it is taken only once per day even though it has a slower onset of action | methimazole
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| the gold standard of care for hyperthyroid | ablation therapy with radioactive iodine
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| signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia | numbness/tingling in fingers/toes, carpopedal spasms, increased pulse, respirations, and blood pressure
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| a positive chvostek's sign is indicative of | hypocalcemia
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| a positive trousseau's sign is indicative of | hypocalcemia
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| emergency treatment of tetany | calcium gluconate
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| thyroid storm can occur after this procedure | subtotal thyroidectomy
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| s/s of thyroid storm | nausea, vomiting, hypertension, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea
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| hypothyroidism occurs most frequently in this group | women age 30-60
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| causes of hypothyroidism | thyroid or pituitary dysfunction, sequelae of hyperthyroidism treatment
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| severe adult hypothyroid causing edema of hands, feet, face, and periorbital areas | myxedema
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| congenital hypothyroidism | cretinism
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| s/s of hypothyroidism | hypothermia, weight gain, depression, paranoia, impaired memory, slowed thought processes, constipation
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| normal T3 | 65-195 ng/dL
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| normal T4 | 5-12 mcg/dL
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| normal FT4 | 1-3.5 ng/dL
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| normal TSH | 0.3-5.4 mcg/mL
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| normal Calcium levels | 9.0-10.5 mg/dL
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| high serum calcium can cause increased toxicity of this drug | digitalis
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| treatment for hypothyroid | lifelong replacement therapy
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| simple goiter can be treated with | potassium iodide, increased iodine intake
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| surgery for treatment of goiter is for this puroose | cosmetic
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| most common type of thyroid cancer | papillary adenocarcinoma
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| usual manifestation of thyroid cancer | firm, fixed, small rounded painless mass (nodule) on palpation of thyroid
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| these rare cancers of the thyroid have very low cure rates | follicular, anaplastic
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| this type of thyroid cancer is usually "cold" on a RAIU test | papillary
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| these thyroid lesions are "Hot" on a RAIU test | benign adenocarcinomas and follucular adenocarcinomas
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| treatment of thyroid cancer | thyroidectomy
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| hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone | hyperparathyroidism
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| causes of hyperparathyroidism | adenoma, renal failure, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis
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| hyperparathyroidism is most common in this group | women ages 30-70
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| manifestations of hyperparathyroidism | hypercalcemia, skeletal pain, pain on weight bearing, pathologic freactures, kidney stones
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| treatment of hyperparathyroidism | removal of one or more parathyroid glands with or without autotransplantation to a new site.
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| hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone | hypoparathyroidism
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| manifestations of hypoparathyroidism | hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, low urine phosphate
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| most common cause of hypoparathyroidism | thyroidectomy
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| treatment of hypoparathyroidism | calcium gluconate, calcium chloride (with vitamin D)
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| this should always be monitored during the administration of IV calcium | EKG!!!!
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| also known as cushing's syndrome | adrenal hyperfunction
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| causes of adrenal hyperfunction | adrenal cortex tumor, ACTH overproduction, ACTH secreting tumors, prolonged corticosteriod use
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| etiology of adrenal hyperfunction | feedback mechanism fails leading to overproduction of corticosteroids
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| common manifestations of cushing's syndrome | moon face, buffalo hump, muscle wasting, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, protein in urine, calcium in urine, renal calculi, osteoporosis, infections
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| if surgery is not a option for cushings, what drug and be used | mitotane
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| mitotane is toxic to what organ | liver
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| if the cause of cushings is long term corticosteroid use than what is the treatment | tapering of corticosteroids
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| also known as addison's disease | adrenal hypofunction
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| causes of addison's disease | adrenalectomy, pituitary hypofunction, steroid therapy, tuberculosis, infarct, fungal infection, aids, cancer
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| manifestations of addison's disease | weakness, fatigue, nausea, anorexia salt craving, poor stress tolerance, hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia, abnormal body temp,
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| lab values indicative of addison's disease | high sodium, low postassium, low aldosterone, low cortisol
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| treatment for addison's disease | corticosteroid replacement
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