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68WM6Ph2Endocrine
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| glands that secret through a series of ducts | exocrine |
| ductless glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream | endocrine |
| body systems that regulate homeostasis | endocrine and nervous |
| chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to a target organ | hormones |
| processes regulated by hormones | metabolism, growth, development, reproduction |
| decrease in function in response to stimuli | negative feedback |
| "master gland" | pituitary (hypophysis) |
| located in the cranial cavity in a small saddle like depression in the sphenoid bone | pituitary |
| adenohypophysis | anterior pituitary |
| neurohypophysis | posterior pituitary |
| produces the hormones released by the posterior pituitary | hypothalamus |
| causes the relase of posterior pituitary hormones with nerve impulses | hypothalamus |
| only non tropic hormone of the anterior pituitary | prolactin |
| causes the mammary glands to produce milk | prolactin |
| promotes the release of milk and stimulates uterine contractions | oxytocin |
| hormones of the posterior pituitary | ocytocin and ADH |
| GH receptor sites are primarily located in the | bones |
| ACTH receptor sites are primarily located in the | adrenal cortex |
| TSH receptor sites are pprimarily located in the | thyroid |
| FSH and LH receptor sites are primarily located in the | testes/ovaries |
| MSH receptor sites are primarily located in the | skin |
| PRL receptor sites are primarily located in the | mammary glands |
| ADH receptor sites are primarily located in the | renal tubules |
| Oxytocin receptor sites are primarily located in the | uterus and mammary glands |
| also called vasopressin | ADH |
| causes the kidneys to conserve water by decreasing the amount of urine produced | ADH |
| causes constriction of the arterioles in the body resulting in increased blood pressure | ADH |
| butterfly shaped gland with one lobe lying on either side of the trachea | thyroid |
| connects the two lobes of the thyroid | isthmus |
| hormones of the thyroid | thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine(T3), calcitonin |
| adequate oral intake of iodine is necessary for the formation of these hormones | thyroid hormones |
| regulate growth and development, metabolism, and nervous system activity | T3, T4 |
| anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the relase of thyroid ormones | TSH |
| decreases blood calcium by causing calcium to be stored in the bones | calcitonin |
| increases the calcium concentration in the blood and regulates blood phosphorus levels | PTH (parathyroid hormone) |
| 4 glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland | parathyroid glands |
| muscle spasms | tetany |
| low levels of this electrolyte result in excitement of nerve cells causing muscle stimulation and tetany | calcium |
| high levels of this electrolyte cause impairment of the heart's ability to function | calcium |
| increases the reabsorbtion of calcium and magnesium from the renal tubules and accelerates the elimination of phosphorus in the urine | PTH |
| small, yellow masses that lie atop the kidneys | adrenal glands |
| outer section of the adrenal glands | cortex |
| small inner section of the adrenal gland | medulla |
| part of the adrenal gland that secretes steriods | cortex |
| three types of steroids | mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones |
| regulates sodium and potassium levels by affecting the renal tubules | aldosterone |
| decreases the level of potassium and increases the level of sodium in the blood | aldosterone |
| sodium retention causes retention of this | water |
| steroids that are primarily involved in water and electrolyte balance and indirectly manage blood pressure | mineralocorticoids |
| steroids that provide extra energy reserve during times of stress and have antiinflammatory properties | glucocorticoids |
| male hormones | androgens |
| female hormones | estrogens |
| hormones of the adrenal medulla | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| another name for epinephrine | adrenaline |
| increase heart rate and blood pressure, constrict blood vessels, and relase glucose reserves from the liver for systemic "fight or flight" response | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| elongated gland that lies posterior to the stomach | pancreas |
| secreted by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans | insulin |
| secreted in response to increased blood glucose | insulin |
| secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans | glucagon |
| secreted in response to decreased blood glucose levels | glucagon |
| hormones produced by the ovaries | estrogen and progesterone |
| temporary endocrine gland that forms and functions during pregnancy | placenta |
| hormone produced by the testes | testosterone |
| lies in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum | thymus |
| hormone produced by the thymus | thymosin |
| hormone that plays an active role in the immune system | thymosin |
| "programs" T lyphocytes | thymus |
| small, cone shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain | pineal |
| hormone of the pineal gland | melatonin |
| may inhibit gonadotropic hormones | melatonin |
| prevents sexual maturation of childs body until adulthood | melatonin |
| thought to induce sleep, may affect mood, and has an impact on menstrual cycles | melatonin |
| overproduction of GH in an adult | Acromegaly |
| in acromegaly, any growth that occurs before diagnosis and treatment is | irreversible |
| age of onset of acromegaly is usually | 3rd or fourth decade of life |
| causes enlargement of lower jaw, nose, lips, tongue, hands, feet, heart, liver, spleen and speech difficulties, lowered voice, muscle weakness, joint pain and stiffness, impotence, amenorrhea | acromegaly |
| if acromegaly is caused by a tumor, it can also cause | severe headaches and eventual blindness |
| how is acromegaly treated | surgery, radiation, dopamine agonists, somatostatin analogs |
| overproduction of GH in a child before the closure of epiphyses | gigantism |
| causes of gigantism | idiopathic, tumor, or hypothalamus dysfunction |
| caused by GH deficiency | Dwarfism |
| definitive diagnosis of dwarfism is made by | decreased plasma GH |
| treatment of dwarfism | GH replacement, tumor removal |
| if dwarfism is caused by a tumor, additional manifestations include | headache, visual disturbances, behavioral changes |
| caused by a deficiency of ADH | diabetes insipidus |
| causes of secondary diabetes insipidus | head injury, tumor, aneurysm, infarct, infection (encephalitis, meningitis) |
| primary manifestations are polyuria and polydipsia (5-20 L/day) | diabetes insipidus |
| diabetes insipidus can cause this electrolyte imbalace | hypernatremia |
| lab values indicative of diabetes insipidus | urine specific gravity less than 1.003, serum sodium greater than 145 mEq/L, low urine ADH |
| treatment of diabetes insipidus includes | ADH replacement, caffeine restriction |
| what type of fluids are used for fluid replacement in a patient with diabetes insipidus | hypotonic |
| caused by hypersecretion of ADH | SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH) |
| these medications have been known to cause SIADH | general anesthesia, opiates, barbituates, thiazide diuretics, oral hypoglycemics, oxytocin |
| most common cause of SIADH | malignancies |
| these cancers have been known to cause SIADH | small cell lung cancer, hodgkins/non-hodgkins lymphoma, leukemia, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, duodenal cancer, pancreatic cancer |
| these pulmonary diseases have been known to cause SIADH | COPD, tuberculosis, lung abcess, pneumonia |
| these nervous system issues have been known to cause SIADH | Head trauma, CV thrombosis, cerebral atrophy, encephalitis, meningitis, guillain barre |
| these miscellaneous issues have been known to cause SIADH | hypothyroidism, lupus erythmatosus, adrenal insufficiency |
| two primary manifestations of SIADH | hyponatremia, water retention |
| lab results indicative of SIADH | serum sodium <125 mEq/L |
| Early signs of SIADH | weakness, muscle cramps, anorexia, nausea, headache, low urine output, MINIMAL edema |
| Late signs of SIADH | lethargy, personality changes, seizures, decreased deep tendon reflexes |
| how often should neuro checks be performed in a patient with SIADH | every 3-4 hours |
| how often should lung sounds be auscultated in a patient with SIADH? | every 2-4 hours |
| also called graves disease, exopthalmic goiter, and thyrotoxicosis | hyperthyroidism |
| results from overproduction of T3 and T4 | hyperthyroidism |
| hyperthyroidism most commonly occurs in this population | women 20-40 years old |
| manifestations include anterior neck edema, exopthalmose, inability to concentrate, memory loss, weight loss, increased appetite, increased pulse, increased blood pressure, increased temp, heat intolerance | hyperthyroidism |
| lab results indicative of hyperthyroidism | low TSH, high T3, T4, 35-95% on RAIU |
| this medication of the treatment of acute hyperthyroidism must be taken TID and has a faster onset of action | propylthiouracil (PTU, Tapazole) |
| this medication for acute hyperthyroidism is preferred because it is taken only once per day even though it has a slower onset of action | methimazole |
| the gold standard of care for hyperthyroid | ablation therapy with radioactive iodine |
| signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia | numbness/tingling in fingers/toes, carpopedal spasms, increased pulse, respirations, and blood pressure |
| a positive chvostek's sign is indicative of | hypocalcemia |
| a positive trousseau's sign is indicative of | hypocalcemia |
| emergency treatment of tetany | calcium gluconate |
| thyroid storm can occur after this procedure | subtotal thyroidectomy |
| s/s of thyroid storm | nausea, vomiting, hypertension, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea |
| hypothyroidism occurs most frequently in this group | women age 30-60 |
| causes of hypothyroidism | thyroid or pituitary dysfunction, sequelae of hyperthyroidism treatment |
| severe adult hypothyroid causing edema of hands, feet, face, and periorbital areas | myxedema |
| congenital hypothyroidism | cretinism |
| s/s of hypothyroidism | hypothermia, weight gain, depression, paranoia, impaired memory, slowed thought processes, constipation |
| normal T3 | 65-195 ng/dL |
| normal T4 | 5-12 mcg/dL |
| normal FT4 | 1-3.5 ng/dL |
| normal TSH | 0.3-5.4 mcg/mL |
| normal Calcium levels | 9.0-10.5 mg/dL |
| high serum calcium can cause increased toxicity of this drug | digitalis |
| treatment for hypothyroid | lifelong replacement therapy |
| simple goiter can be treated with | potassium iodide, increased iodine intake |
| surgery for treatment of goiter is for this puroose | cosmetic |
| most common type of thyroid cancer | papillary adenocarcinoma |
| usual manifestation of thyroid cancer | firm, fixed, small rounded painless mass (nodule) on palpation of thyroid |
| these rare cancers of the thyroid have very low cure rates | follicular, anaplastic |
| this type of thyroid cancer is usually "cold" on a RAIU test | papillary |
| these thyroid lesions are "Hot" on a RAIU test | benign adenocarcinomas and follucular adenocarcinomas |
| treatment of thyroid cancer | thyroidectomy |
| hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone | hyperparathyroidism |
| causes of hyperparathyroidism | adenoma, renal failure, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis |
| hyperparathyroidism is most common in this group | women ages 30-70 |
| manifestations of hyperparathyroidism | hypercalcemia, skeletal pain, pain on weight bearing, pathologic freactures, kidney stones |
| treatment of hyperparathyroidism | removal of one or more parathyroid glands with or without autotransplantation to a new site. |
| hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone | hypoparathyroidism |
| manifestations of hypoparathyroidism | hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, low urine phosphate |
| most common cause of hypoparathyroidism | thyroidectomy |
| treatment of hypoparathyroidism | calcium gluconate, calcium chloride (with vitamin D) |
| this should always be monitored during the administration of IV calcium | EKG!!!! |
| also known as cushing's syndrome | adrenal hyperfunction |
| causes of adrenal hyperfunction | adrenal cortex tumor, ACTH overproduction, ACTH secreting tumors, prolonged corticosteriod use |
| etiology of adrenal hyperfunction | feedback mechanism fails leading to overproduction of corticosteroids |
| common manifestations of cushing's syndrome | moon face, buffalo hump, muscle wasting, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, protein in urine, calcium in urine, renal calculi, osteoporosis, infections |
| if surgery is not a option for cushings, what drug and be used | mitotane |
| mitotane is toxic to what organ | liver |
| if the cause of cushings is long term corticosteroid use than what is the treatment | tapering of corticosteroids |
| also known as addison's disease | adrenal hypofunction |
| causes of addison's disease | adrenalectomy, pituitary hypofunction, steroid therapy, tuberculosis, infarct, fungal infection, aids, cancer |
| manifestations of addison's disease | weakness, fatigue, nausea, anorexia salt craving, poor stress tolerance, hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia, abnormal body temp, |
| lab values indicative of addison's disease | high sodium, low postassium, low aldosterone, low cortisol |
| treatment for addison's disease | corticosteroid replacement |
Created by:
ewoff85
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