Cells p. 19-33
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| Cells | the basic unit of structure & function of all living things
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| A Composite Cell | doesn't exist; contains all of the parts that a cell might have
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| The Cell Membrane | a selective barrier between the solution outside of the cell & the solution inside of the cell; mostly phospholipid bilayer with a little bit of cholesterol
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| Phospholipid Bilayer | 2 layers of molecules, barrier, oily, keeps the outside solution from mixing with the inside solution
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| Cholesterol | keeps the membrane flexible; found between some of the tails
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| Proteins | Specialists
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| Receptors | proteins in the cell membrane that bind to a chemical message and cause a change in the function of the cell
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| Pores/Channels | provides a passageway through the barrier that connects the outside solution with the inside solution; can be controlled; very specific
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| Carriers | carry something across the membrane; can be controlled; very specific
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| Permeable | can cross the barrier (lipids)
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| Impermeable | can't cross the barrier without help (water soluble)
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| Semipermeable (selectively permeable) | example: membrane; has the ability to choose, select & control what crosses
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| The Cytoplasm | cell fluid; found inside of the cell membrane and outside of the organelles
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| The Organelles | structures inside of the cell
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| Ribosomes | smallest of organelles, located everywhere; function: uses information from mRNA to make proteins, the process is called translation
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | internal transportation system within the cell used for moving materials around the inside of the cell
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | has ribosomes on outer surface
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | no ribosomes on outer surface
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| Golgi Apparatus | helps to package things that the cell is going to secrete, "smuggles" it across the membrane via transport vesicles
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| Mitochondria | has it's own DNA that you received only from your mother; function: cellular respiration
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| Cellular Respiration | involves oxygen & carbon dioxide, uses glucose & oxygen, gives off carbon dioxide and water waste products; burning glucose produces ATP
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| ATP | fuel for the cell
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| Lysosomes | contain ensymes that help to break things down; function: breaking down things that are found inside of the cell
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| Centrioles | always found in pairs, used to help separate chromosomes during mitosis (1 pr- not mitosis, 2 pr- during mitosis)
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| Cilia(um) | moves things over the surface of the cell in a certain direction
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| Flagella(um) | can be used to move the cell; only human cell that has it is a sperm cell
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| Nucleus | round, porous membrane, largest of organelles; function: selecting which genes to use and when to use them, controlling how the genes are going to be used
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| Nucleolus | dark dense area inside of the nucleus that makes ribosomes
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| Chromatin | where we find DNA, found during interphase, provides access to the genes
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| Chromosomes | bundle of DNA found only during mitosis, cannot be used at this time; function: help to divide DNA for the new cells "moving boxes"
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| ATP | what our cells can use as a source of energy; Adenosine Triphosphate; function: provide energy for the cell
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| Active Transport | uses ATP to move something
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| Passive Transport | does not use ATP
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| Diffusion | uses the energy from the molecule for movement; random movement of dissolved substances (solute) from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, can take place in liquid or in the air, gives equal distribution
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| Osmosis | the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, will make concentration equal; difference in concentration, semipermeable membrane, hypertonic solution
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| Facilitated Diffusion | uses a carrier that carries something across the membrane, carrier will be a protein that is in the cell membrane; glucose is the best example
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| Filtration | requires a porous membrane separating 2 solutions muse be a difference in the pressure of the 2 solutions; happens in every tissue of our body
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| Na+/K+ pumps | sodium/potassium pump is a protein found on many of the cell membranes; has the ability to pump sodium out while pumping potassium in
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| Endocytosis | is when we move something into the cell by changing the shape of the cell membrane
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| Pinocytosis | moving a liquid into the cell by endocytosis
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| Phagocytosis | moving a solid substance into the cell by endocytosis
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| Exocytosis | out of/leaving
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| Differentiation | changing from a stem cell into a specialized cell; involves using a certain set of genes
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| Interphase | growth & replication of DNA; not dividing, working
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| Growth | occurs at the beginning of interphase or when the cell is working
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| Replication of DNA | making a copy of the DNA occurs only if the cell is going to divide and happens just before it divides; occurs at the end of interphase
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| Mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| Prophase | to get all of the DNA paired up & organized
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| Metaphase | chromosomes lined up, spindle fibers connect chromosomes to centrioles
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| Anaphase | spindle fibers shorten and pull chromosomes
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| Telophase | pinch in 1/2, chromosomes change back into chromatin, build a nucleus
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| Cytokinesis | pinching in 1/2
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| Metabolism | all of the chemical reactions occurring within a living organism; NOT digestion
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| Anabolism (anabolic metabolism) | reactions that produce/build/make things
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| Catabolism (catabolic metabolism) | reactions that break things down
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| digestion | change nutrients into something that we can absorb
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| Catabolic Metabolism of Carbohydrates | digestion of carbohydrates, anaerobic metabolism of glucose, aerobic metabolism of pyruvic acid
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| Digestion of Carbohydrates | the only carbohydrate we can absorb is a monosaccharide, all carbohydrates must be broken into monosaccharides
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| Anaerobic Metabolism of Glucose | splits glucose in half, (no oxygen required), releases enough energy to make 2 ATP, takes place in the cytoplasm
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| Aerobic Metabolism of Pyruvic Acid | uses oxygen, takes place in the mitochondria, releases enough energy to make 34 ATP
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| Anabolic Metabolism of Glucose | glucose into glycogen, made in the liver & skeletal muscle, allows us to store carbohydrates, glucose stored as fat if there is no room for glycogen
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| Protein Synthesis | 2 steps; make a copy of a gene (takes place in the nucleus)
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| Transcription | making mRNA
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| Translation | leave nucleus, go out to ribosomes, ribosomes uses copy (mRNA) to make a protein
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