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Cells p. 19-33
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells | the basic unit of structure & function of all living things |
| A Composite Cell | doesn't exist; contains all of the parts that a cell might have |
| The Cell Membrane | a selective barrier between the solution outside of the cell & the solution inside of the cell; mostly phospholipid bilayer with a little bit of cholesterol |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | 2 layers of molecules, barrier, oily, keeps the outside solution from mixing with the inside solution |
| Cholesterol | keeps the membrane flexible; found between some of the tails |
| Proteins | Specialists |
| Receptors | proteins in the cell membrane that bind to a chemical message and cause a change in the function of the cell |
| Pores/Channels | provides a passageway through the barrier that connects the outside solution with the inside solution; can be controlled; very specific |
| Carriers | carry something across the membrane; can be controlled; very specific |
| Permeable | can cross the barrier (lipids) |
| Impermeable | can't cross the barrier without help (water soluble) |
| Semipermeable (selectively permeable) | example: membrane; has the ability to choose, select & control what crosses |
| The Cytoplasm | cell fluid; found inside of the cell membrane and outside of the organelles |
| The Organelles | structures inside of the cell |
| Ribosomes | smallest of organelles, located everywhere; function: uses information from mRNA to make proteins, the process is called translation |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | internal transportation system within the cell used for moving materials around the inside of the cell |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | has ribosomes on outer surface |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | no ribosomes on outer surface |
| Golgi Apparatus | helps to package things that the cell is going to secrete, "smuggles" it across the membrane via transport vesicles |
| Mitochondria | has it's own DNA that you received only from your mother; function: cellular respiration |
| Cellular Respiration | involves oxygen & carbon dioxide, uses glucose & oxygen, gives off carbon dioxide and water waste products; burning glucose produces ATP |
| ATP | fuel for the cell |
| Lysosomes | contain ensymes that help to break things down; function: breaking down things that are found inside of the cell |
| Centrioles | always found in pairs, used to help separate chromosomes during mitosis (1 pr- not mitosis, 2 pr- during mitosis) |
| Cilia(um) | moves things over the surface of the cell in a certain direction |
| Flagella(um) | can be used to move the cell; only human cell that has it is a sperm cell |
| Nucleus | round, porous membrane, largest of organelles; function: selecting which genes to use and when to use them, controlling how the genes are going to be used |
| Nucleolus | dark dense area inside of the nucleus that makes ribosomes |
| Chromatin | where we find DNA, found during interphase, provides access to the genes |
| Chromosomes | bundle of DNA found only during mitosis, cannot be used at this time; function: help to divide DNA for the new cells "moving boxes" |
| ATP | what our cells can use as a source of energy; Adenosine Triphosphate; function: provide energy for the cell |
| Active Transport | uses ATP to move something |
| Passive Transport | does not use ATP |
| Diffusion | uses the energy from the molecule for movement; random movement of dissolved substances (solute) from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, can take place in liquid or in the air, gives equal distribution |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, will make concentration equal; difference in concentration, semipermeable membrane, hypertonic solution |
| Facilitated Diffusion | uses a carrier that carries something across the membrane, carrier will be a protein that is in the cell membrane; glucose is the best example |
| Filtration | requires a porous membrane separating 2 solutions muse be a difference in the pressure of the 2 solutions; happens in every tissue of our body |
| Na+/K+ pumps | sodium/potassium pump is a protein found on many of the cell membranes; has the ability to pump sodium out while pumping potassium in |
| Endocytosis | is when we move something into the cell by changing the shape of the cell membrane |
| Pinocytosis | moving a liquid into the cell by endocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | moving a solid substance into the cell by endocytosis |
| Exocytosis | out of/leaving |
| Differentiation | changing from a stem cell into a specialized cell; involves using a certain set of genes |
| Interphase | growth & replication of DNA; not dividing, working |
| Growth | occurs at the beginning of interphase or when the cell is working |
| Replication of DNA | making a copy of the DNA occurs only if the cell is going to divide and happens just before it divides; occurs at the end of interphase |
| Mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Prophase | to get all of the DNA paired up & organized |
| Metaphase | chromosomes lined up, spindle fibers connect chromosomes to centrioles |
| Anaphase | spindle fibers shorten and pull chromosomes |
| Telophase | pinch in 1/2, chromosomes change back into chromatin, build a nucleus |
| Cytokinesis | pinching in 1/2 |
| Metabolism | all of the chemical reactions occurring within a living organism; NOT digestion |
| Anabolism (anabolic metabolism) | reactions that produce/build/make things |
| Catabolism (catabolic metabolism) | reactions that break things down |
| digestion | change nutrients into something that we can absorb |
| Catabolic Metabolism of Carbohydrates | digestion of carbohydrates, anaerobic metabolism of glucose, aerobic metabolism of pyruvic acid |
| Digestion of Carbohydrates | the only carbohydrate we can absorb is a monosaccharide, all carbohydrates must be broken into monosaccharides |
| Anaerobic Metabolism of Glucose | splits glucose in half, (no oxygen required), releases enough energy to make 2 ATP, takes place in the cytoplasm |
| Aerobic Metabolism of Pyruvic Acid | uses oxygen, takes place in the mitochondria, releases enough energy to make 34 ATP |
| Anabolic Metabolism of Glucose | glucose into glycogen, made in the liver & skeletal muscle, allows us to store carbohydrates, glucose stored as fat if there is no room for glycogen |
| Protein Synthesis | 2 steps; make a copy of a gene (takes place in the nucleus) |
| Transcription | making mRNA |
| Translation | leave nucleus, go out to ribosomes, ribosomes uses copy (mRNA) to make a protein |
Created by:
bco
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