Endocrine
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| Disorders of the adrenal glands | Adrenal hyperfunction (Cushings syndrome), adrenal hypofunction (Addisons disease) and pheochromocytoma
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| Adrenal glands location | Above the kidneys
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| Two regions of the adrenal glands | Medulla and cortex
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| Adrenal medulla | Inner portion of the adrenal gland
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| Adrenal cortex | Outer portion of the adrenal gland
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| Extension of the sympathetic nervous system | Adrenal medulla
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| Sympathetic nervous system called... | Fight or flight system
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| What cells in the adrenal medulla secrete hormones? | Chromaffin cells
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| Two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla | Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered... | Catecholimines
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| Catecholimines help the body respond to stress by... | Elevating blood pressure, increasing heart rate, converting glycogen to glucose in the liver, increasing metabolic rate of most cells, causing bronchodilation, and changing blood flow patterns
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| Adrenal cortex secretes... | Hormones called steroids
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| Steroids | Lipid-soluble hormones made from cholesterol
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| Three steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex | Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sex hormones
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| If adrenal cortex is removed... | Death will occur unless steroids are administered
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| Adrenal cortical steroids regulate | Sugar, salt and sex
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| Glucocorticoids | Affect carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism
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| Chief glucocorticoid | Cortisol
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| Cortisol | Stress hormone that is secreted in greater amounts during times of stress
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| Cortisol is also used as... | A drug to prevent inflammation in the treatment of arthritis and sever allergic responses
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| What stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol? | ACTH
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| Chief mineralocorticoid | Aldosterone
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| Aldosterone | Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
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| Aldosterone often called... | The salt retaining hormone
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| Female hormones | Estrogens
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| Male hormones | Androgens
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| Hyposecretion of the adrenal gland to secrete cortical hormones | Addisons disease
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| Addisons disease characterized by... | Generalized weakness, muscle atrophy, bronzing of the skin, hyperkalemia and sever loss of fluids and electrolytes
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| Adrenal insufficiency can progress to... | Low blood volume, shock and death
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| Adrenal insufficiency must be treated with... | Steroids and replacement of fluids and electrolytes
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| Hypersecretion of either ACTH or cortisol | Cushings syndrome
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| Cushings syndrome characterized by... | Truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, virilization, facial hair, thin skin that bruises easily, bone loss, and muscle weakness
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| Elevated levels of cortisol are often caused by... | Administration of steroids as drugs such as prednisone
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| Adrenocortical insuffiency occurs when... | Adrenal glands do not secrete adequate amount of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens
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| Addisons disease may result from... | Adrenalectomy, pituitary hypofunction, or longstanding steroid therapy
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| Most common cause of Addisons disease | Autoimmune response
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| Adrenal insufficiency most often occurs in... | Adults less than 60 years of age
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| Addisons disease is ofetn advanced before... | It is diagnosed
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| Manifestations of Addisons are usually not present until... | 90% of the adrenal cortex is destroyed
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| Clinical manifestations of Addisons disease | Imbalances in adrenal hormones, nutrients and electrolytes
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| Subjective data for Addisons disease | Progressive weakness, fatigue, nausea, anorexia, and craving for salt
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| Postural hypotension may be associated with... | Vertigo, weakness and syncope
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| Objective data for Addisons disease | Skin hyperpigmentation, weight loss and hypoglycemia
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| Adrenal crisis | Life threatening emergency caused by insufficient adrenocortical hormones or a sudden sharp decrease in hormones
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| Signs of impending adreanl crisis | Abnormally high or low temperature, orthostatic hypotension, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
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| Most common form of replacement therapy for Addisons disease | Hydrocortisone
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| Addisons disease diet | High in sodium and low in potassium
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| Pheochromocytoma | Tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes excessive secretion of catecholimines
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| Pheochromocytoma often occurs in... | Adults 20-60 years old
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| Secretion of excessive catecholimines results in... | Severe hypertension
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| Hypertensive crisis | Blood pressure fluctuates widely, sometimes as high as 300/175
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| Extreme hypertension may result in... | Stroke, kidney damage or retinopathy
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| Treatment of pheochromocytoma | Surgical removal of the tumor
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