policing operations
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| definition of maintaining order-keeping the peace | peace-keeping activities, including enforcement of quality of life laws (ex. no loitering); enforcement of local statutes; police officers not only enforce the law but handle situations; ex. traffic & crowd control
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| enforcing the law | when arrest is needed; the police agency's application of the criminal code to specific situations; not black & white; more laws than officers can enforce so they enforce those their department enforces; more serious crimes are more focused on;
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| apprehending suspects lies at the heart of | law enforcement
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| crimes are sorted by | seriousness and resources available
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| providing service | non emergency police work
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| service activities | non-law enforcement duties performed by officers on an as-needed basis (ex. directions, barricading dangerous roads); service oriented; values community out reach
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| example for maintaining order | managing crowds
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| example for enforcing the law | making an arrest
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| example for providing service | giving someone directions
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| preventive patrol | the practice of assigning an officer to random patrol of a neighborhood to serve as a deterrent to a variety of street-level crimes; ex. prostitution, robbery; often conducted by patrol car, foot, or bike; reduce street crime
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| problem-oriented policing | a policing strategy based on conducting specific and detailed research on a community's problems to discover the underlying dynamics of a crime; proposed by herman Goldstein
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| step 1 of problem-oriented policing | conducting specific and detailed research on a community's problems to reveal the underlying dynamics of crime; helps police respond appropriately
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| step 2 of problem-oriented policing | examine the ways in which the police department currently deals with a particular problem in order to identify the most effective responses; has this strategy worked?; departments review both their own responses and other relevant research as well
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| step 3 of problem-oriented policing | devising strategies to address the problem; what can we do to make this better?; SARA;
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| SARA | Scanning, analysis, response, and assessment)
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| S of Sara | scanning; police department identifies the problem (ex. frequency, consequences)
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| first A of Sara | analysis; identifies what's causing or influencing the problem
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| R of Sara | response; participants think creatively about ways to solve the problem (defines objectives)
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| second A or Sara | assessment; officers determine whether the program met the goals
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| community-oriented policing | a policing strategy that depends on getting community members to address the problems that plague their neighborhood
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| 4 parts of community-oriented policing | police-community reciprocity; decentralization of command; proactive foot patrol; civilianization
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| police-community reciprocity | a policing practice that relies on collaboration between police and community members to solve and prevent crime; mutually beneficial bond is needed; it's everyone's job to fight crime
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| decentralization of command | the fanning out of substations in various areas so the police maintain a physical presence throughout the city
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| proactive foot patrol | a component of community policing that leads to increased interactions between the police and community members to improve relationships; lets officers learn more about the people they patrol and develop relationships
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| civilianization | increases the # of community residents active in the profession of policing by assigning to civilians tasks previously performed by sworn officers; CSO help gather info on non-serious crimes; cons: poice & citizens might have different ideas of community
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| implementing community police | difficult and slow process; measured through surveys; structure of police department doesn't change whether or not community policing is implimented; requires a change in police culture
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| impact of community policing | raises community trust in police; raises support of police
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| aggressive order maintenance | policing activities that address noncriminal or minor offenses that affect residents' quality of life; zero-tolerance; police focus on minor public order offenses (ex. graffiti, loitering); increases arrests for minor offenses
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| broken windown theory | theory proposing that disorder leads to crime because criminals assume a neighborhood that tolerates disorder will also ignore criminal acts (disorder leads to more serious crime)
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| line activities | the principal activities performed by law enforcement officers, including patrol, follow-up investigation, and traffic operations
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| support activities | additional policing activities that support line activities, such as communications, custody, and forensic
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| the rookie officer | meeting the real world; 1st day is usually overwhelming; they're immersed in maintaining order, enforcing law, and providing service; supervised by a training officer; every action seems to take longer than expected
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| patrol officer | a uniformed person assigned to patrol specific regions of a city or county; perform the bulk of police work; 1st individuals to respond to a call for service; most visible face of the police force; must document everything they see
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| who is the backbone of policing | patrol officer
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| follow-up investigation | occurs after a patrol officer documents the facts of the crime; for serious crimes (ex. homicide) the detective may be called directly to the scene & receive a briefing from the 1st ersponder; normally patrol officer reports to them the next day
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| sources are limited so priority is determined by _________ and _____________ | seriousness and solvability
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| solvability | the likelihood that a crime will be solved
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| quality of the patrol officer's preliminary investigation, the availability of a witness, a suspect's name or identifying info, significant physical evidence, and identification of a unique method of operation by the perpetrator affect _________ | solvability
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| they visit the crime scene and document everything related to the case | during the follow-up investigation
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| enforcing traffic laws | police are primarily in charge of public safety; police are equipped to find & capture suspects on the run; police have to try & make driving safe; police are equipped to handle situations that might result from traffic stops
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| examples of traffic stops | drunk drivers; persons with outstanding warrants
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| traffic cops | elicit statements & document facts relating to traffic collisions; in many places police pair with community agencies that draft & implement transportation policy (ex. local department of transportation)
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| communications technology | the CNS of policing; coordinates the performance of law enforcement activities
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| computer-aided dispatch supplements radio communication & allow patrol officers to remotely search databases for ___________ | warrants
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| mobile video systems include | vehicle-mounted cameras that capture audio & video information
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| communications interoperability | the ability of police & other public safety agencies from different jurisdictions to talk & share data in real time; help make less time lost in translation; ex. fire stations
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| custody | booking and holding offenders; the incarceration of persons either accused or convicted of a crime; length of custody varies
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| _______________________ maintain temporary holding facilities before taking the suspect to a judge or releasing them | police departments
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| people in custody may be __________ and/or _________ | finger printed and/or questioned
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| custody is usually a core function of a _________ department | sheriff's
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| forensics | applying science to investigations; the application of scientific knowledge & methods to criminal & civil investigations & legal procedures, including criminal trials
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| forensic science laboratories | facilities using scientific or technical methods to process & analyze evidence
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| criminalistics | the application of scientific techniques to recognizing, identifying, individualizing, & evaluating physical evidence in legal proceedings
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| 2 factors make forensics a prominent role | increased awareness of its value in identifying & protecting evidence; advances in technology
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| downside to forensics | takes days, weeks, or even months to get results; the back log is huge
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| chain of command | the line of authority that extends throughout a police organization
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| unity of command | the requirement that each individual within an organization reports directly to a single individual higher in the chain of command
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| span of control | the extent of an individual's authority, or the number of individuals that one person is responsible for over seeing
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| the general behavior of all officers is embodied by _________ whose actions represent a consistency of conduct that assures citizens that the law is applied in an equitable manner | the chief
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| police organization use to be what format? | hierarchical
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| police organization is becoming | decentralized to help community policing work better
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| after 911 | terrorist liaison officers were created to gather info that could be linked to terrorist activity; police departments began sharing more info with each other
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| factors affecting resource allocation | demands of the citizens; administrative requirements of the police agency; agendas of local gov't leaders; most decisions fall under scrutiny after they are made; affects police organization's administrative & support needs (ex. staff); local politics
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| in addition to local politics, pressure from a particular group can affect | the deployment of police resources
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| technological resources | GIS; computerized statistics
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| GIS (geographic information systems) | a technology that uses a computerized mapping system to produce descriptions of crime occurence & analyzes the relationships between variables such as time & location; ex. crime mapping, hot spot
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| crime mapping | a technique used by police to pinpoint the locations & times of crimes; reveals hot spots; helps police focus on hot spots
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| hot spots | areas of concentrated crime or higher victimization
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| CompStat (computerized statistics) | a computerized statistical program that integrates info from crime maps across the city for department leaders' review; increases flow of info between agency executives & commanders of operatioal units; helps ensure resources are being used effectively
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| 6 aspects of CompStat | mission clarification, interval accountability, geographic organization of command, organizational flexibility, data-driven problem identification & assessment, & innovative problem solving
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| CompStat is easily adapted by existing policing operations without making radical ______________________ changes | organizational
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| crime analysis | the application of processes designed to analyze info pertinent to crimes & develop correlations useful in crime prevention, resource deployment, investigations, & suspect apprehension; have greatly improved how agencies deploy their recourses
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| before modern crime analysis was | "bud-shell Method"
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| bud-shell method | a police administrator sitting with a 6-pack of Budweiser & a shell gas station road map used a marker to draw lines down major arteries & create policing districts on the basis of geography; they were uniform in size but not so in crime rate
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| follow up crime analysis | examination of a crime scene in the context of an offender's behaviors; knowing what the perpetrator did & didn't do can help explain the why(motive); help reveal patterns to help catch criminals who commit the same crime same way (ex. serial killer)
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| guidelines for discretion | necessary obtrusion for immediate physical dangers; necessary obtrusion to deter future disorder; civil cause of disorder vs. criminal cause; social/state issues regarding justice; don't get emotionally involved
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| public is mostly supportive of __________ but much less so of the ___________________ | police; CJ system
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| public is influenced by | media & high profile cases
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| public generally believes that racial profiling happens more than ______________ | police brutality
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| whites have more confidence in the police than _____________ | non-whites
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| lower class and education levels trust the the police _________________ than those of higher class or education | less
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| among blacks and Latinos, men think racial profiling is ___________ than women do | higher
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| elder abuse | any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or other person that causes harm or serious risk of harm to a vulernable adult 60 years of age or older; abuse may be physical, emotional, sexual, or exploitation, neglect, or abandonment
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| exploitation | the taking, misuse, or concealment of funds
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| elder abuse is a new area of... | Criminal justice
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| Adult protective services (APS) | services provided to older people&dependent adults who are in danger of being abused, and have no one else to assist them; officers must watch the physical condition of the home the elderly are living in, accomedations & their health
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| with elderly adults police officers must | understand patience with those that are confused, forgetful, and/or on medication
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| the most common perpetrators of elderly abuse are | family members
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| TRIAD | police, sheriff, and elderly; use problem solving and police strategies to help the elderly
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| SALT | seniors and lawmen together; volunteer council that guides TRIAD
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| people with disabilities | have a higher risk of being victimized; perpetrators are normally the victim's caretaker; more building are being built to ensure access for the disabled
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| why do people with disabilities rarely go to the police | because the perpetrator is the victim's caretaker or because the disability prevents them from doing so
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| the mentally ill | police usually interact with them b/c the police get a complaint call; most police academies don't include specific training to identify those who may be mentally ill or info on how to use community resources to help them
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| if a person seems irrational 1st attempt | to transport the individual to a facility that provides psychiatric care if they are a danger to them self or the community
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| if a person seems irrational and the 1st step didn't work | arrest them for disorderly conduct (usually used if a hospital refuses to admit the patient)
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| if a person seems irrational and the 1st step didn't work and you didn't want to do step 2 yet | resolve the situation informally if the individual is a "neighborhood character", "trouble maker", or "quiet mental"
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| "neighborhood character" | individuals the police know well because of their visibility in the community and aren't a threat to public safety
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| "trouble makers" | those who have created problems for officers in the past
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| "quiet mental" | individuals who seem detached from reality but aren't a nuisance to themselves or the public
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| when admission to hospitals decrease... | arrests increase
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| homeless | the state of having no fixed, reliable, or adequate night-time residence
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| about 400,000 to over 3.5 million people are | homeless
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| what percent of people homeless are families | 23%
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| what percent of people that are homeless are male | 76%
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| police are called when individuals complain about the homeless doing what | reducing the quality of life in their communities
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| pressure from the community has led some police officers to transport homeless to other jurisdictions which is also called | dumping
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| the homeless are often vicitims of what type of crime | sexual
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| what percent of homeless are mentally ill | 16%
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| in 1800s and early 1900 police officers were the onlygov't employees who interacted with | new immigrants
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| reporting crimes to the police is difficult if you don't know | english well
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| cultural differences | something could now be illegal
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| the USA is very diverse and police officers have to know how to handle that (what are examples) | recruiting immigrants to help deal with immigrants
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| some departments have out reach programs for | immigrants
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| police speak english but immigrants may not so some departments pay officers to be | translators or offer language programs
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| rural communities | almost 1/2 of all policing agencies in the USA have less than 10 sworn officers; crime isn't as obvious (16.4 violent crimes per 1000 people)
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| what percent of police department nationwide serve 25,000 or fewer people | 90%
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| rural police officers view work differently from | big city police officers
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| rural officers are more supportive of community policing strategies than | urban officers
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| rural officers usually have good relationships with | the community
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