Heredity Terms ML11.1-3
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| Heredity | the biological inheritance of an organism
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| Genetics | study of heredity
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| Trait | Characteristic that distinguishes one individual from another
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| Hybrid | description of offspring of parents with different characteristics
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| Gene | DNA segment that controls traits
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| Alleles | different forms of a gene ex. brown, red and blond hair.
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| Dominant | form of an allele that is expressed even when present with a contrasting allele, Capital letters
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| Recessive | form of an allele that is expressed only when a contrasting alleles not present, lower case letters
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| Phenotype | Form of a trait that an organism displays
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| Genotype | genetic composition of an organism BB,Bb,bb
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| Who is Gregor Mendel | monk who lived in the mid 1800's who discovered that traits were passed on by physical units he called Merkmals(genes); the father of genetics.
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| Mendel's 1st Principle | individual units, called genes, determine biological characteristics
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| Mendel's 2nd Principle | For each gene, an organism receives one allele from each parent. The alleles separate from each other -a process called segregation - when reproductive cells are formed
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| Mendel's 3rd Priciple | If an Organism inherits different alleles for the same trait, one allele may be dominate over the other
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| Mendel's 4th Principle | Some genes segregate independently
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| Homozygous | description of an organism that has an identical pair of alleles for a trait
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| Heterozygous | description of an organism that has two different alleles for a trait
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| segregation | process that separates the two allels of a gene
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| Independent Assortment | process by which genes segerate independently
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| True Breeding | stock that always passes its characteristics to the next generation
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| Cross Pollinating | cross two different types of true breeding plants
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| Self Pollinating | when a plant has both its male and female parts so there is no chance of cross polination
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| linked genes | genes on the same chromosome
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| crossing-over | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that produces more possible combinations of genetic material than would exist otherwise
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| Punnett square | are used to predict the genetic variations that will result in the phenotypes and genotypes of offspring
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| Upper Case letters | Represent dominant alleles(genes for a trait)
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| Lower case Letters | represent recessive alleles
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| P Generation | Parent Generation (usually homozygous for traits)
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| F1 Generation | the hybrid offspring of the P generation.
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| pure bred | an individual that is dominant for a trait. They have no other alleles.
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| probability | the likelihood that a particular event will occur
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| Two Factor cross | a punnet square that showed that in pea plants traits are independently assorted
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| incomplete dominance | when one allele is not completely dominent over the another and the result is a trait that is between the two phenotypes
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| co-dominance | when both alleles contribute to the phenotype, ex. a black and white cow. Not a gray cow.
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| multiple alleles | when a single gene has more than two alleles. They could have a red, white or blue phenotype.
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| polygenic | the most complex traits because the phenotype is caused by more than two alleles. This means that there is a large variation in the way an individual looks
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