chapters 1-5
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| The study of tissue structure | histology
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| Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye | gross neuroanatomy
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| The study of the life processes of neurons | Neurophysiology
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| The notion, promoted by Descartes, that the mind is subject only to spiritual interactions, while the body is subject only to material interactions | dualism
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| The belief that bumps on the skull reflect enlargements of brain regions responsible for certain behavioral faculties. | phrenology
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| The distribution of key chemicals, such as transmitters and enzymes, within the structure of the nervous system | chemical neuroanatomy
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| The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior | neuropharmacology
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| The basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of a cell body, receptive extensions (dendrites), and a transmitting extension (axon) | neuron
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| A cellular location at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another | synapse
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| Nonneural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain. | glial cells
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| A cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell's processes | mitochondria
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| The spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes | cell nucleus
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| Structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated (proteins are produced) | ribosomes
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| One of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron | dendrite
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| The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus | cell body or soma
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| A single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons | axon
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| The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron | axon terminal
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| A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon | multipolar neuron
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| A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end | bipolar neuron
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| A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions: one end is the receptive pole, the other end the output zone. | monopolar neuron
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| A nerve cell in the spinal cord that transmits motor messages from the spinal cord to muscles | motoneuron
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| A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch | sensory neuron
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| A neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron; it receives input from and sends output to other neurons | interneurons
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| A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes that run in all directions | astrocyte
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| A histological stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dark, silver-based precipitate | Golgi stain
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| A histological stain that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA, which encircles the nucleus | Nissl stain
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| An enzyme found in horseradish and other plants that is used to determine the cells of origin of a particular set of axons. | horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
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| Extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells | microglial cells
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| The fatty insulation around an axon, formed by accessory cells, that improves the speed of conduction of nerve impulses | myelin
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| The process of myelin formation | myelination
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| A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed | node of Ranvier
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| A type of glial cell that is commonly associated with nerve cell bodies | oligodendrocyte
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| The accessory cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system | Schwann Cell
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| The swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury | edema
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| The elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons | arborization
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| Referring to the region of the synapse that releases neurotransmitter | presynaptic
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| referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter | postsynaptic
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| The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements | synaptic cleft
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| A small, spherical structure that contains molecules of synaptic transmitter | synaptic vessicle
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| The chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal, that serves as the basis of communication between neurons | neurotransmitter
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| A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone | receptor
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| An outgrowth along the dendrite of a neuron | dendritic spine
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| The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment | neural plasticity
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| A cone shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body | axon hillock
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| A branch of an axon from a single neuron | axon collateral
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| The transportation of materials from the neuron cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body | axonal transport
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