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bio psycho
chapters 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of tissue structure | histology |
| Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye | gross neuroanatomy |
| The study of the life processes of neurons | Neurophysiology |
| The notion, promoted by Descartes, that the mind is subject only to spiritual interactions, while the body is subject only to material interactions | dualism |
| The belief that bumps on the skull reflect enlargements of brain regions responsible for certain behavioral faculties. | phrenology |
| The distribution of key chemicals, such as transmitters and enzymes, within the structure of the nervous system | chemical neuroanatomy |
| The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior | neuropharmacology |
| The basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of a cell body, receptive extensions (dendrites), and a transmitting extension (axon) | neuron |
| A cellular location at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another | synapse |
| Nonneural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain. | glial cells |
| A cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cell's processes | mitochondria |
| The spherical central structure of a cell that contains the chromosomes | cell nucleus |
| Structures in the cell body where genetic information is translated (proteins are produced) | ribosomes |
| One of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron | dendrite |
| The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus | cell body or soma |
| A single extension from the nerve cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons | axon |
| The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron | axon terminal |
| A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon | multipolar neuron |
| A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end | bipolar neuron |
| A nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions: one end is the receptive pole, the other end the output zone. | monopolar neuron |
| A nerve cell in the spinal cord that transmits motor messages from the spinal cord to muscles | motoneuron |
| A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch | sensory neuron |
| A neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motoneuron; it receives input from and sends output to other neurons | interneurons |
| A star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes that run in all directions | astrocyte |
| A histological stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dark, silver-based precipitate | Golgi stain |
| A histological stain that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA, which encircles the nucleus | Nissl stain |
| An enzyme found in horseradish and other plants that is used to determine the cells of origin of a particular set of axons. | horseradish peroxidase (HRP) |
| Extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells | microglial cells |
| The fatty insulation around an axon, formed by accessory cells, that improves the speed of conduction of nerve impulses | myelin |
| The process of myelin formation | myelination |
| A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed | node of Ranvier |
| A type of glial cell that is commonly associated with nerve cell bodies | oligodendrocyte |
| The accessory cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system | Schwann Cell |
| The swelling of tissue, especially in the brain, in response to injury | edema |
| The elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons | arborization |
| Referring to the region of the synapse that releases neurotransmitter | presynaptic |
| referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter | postsynaptic |
| The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements | synaptic cleft |
| A small, spherical structure that contains molecules of synaptic transmitter | synaptic vessicle |
| The chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal, that serves as the basis of communication between neurons | neurotransmitter |
| A protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone | receptor |
| An outgrowth along the dendrite of a neuron | dendritic spine |
| The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment | neural plasticity |
| A cone shaped area from which the axon originates out of the cell body | axon hillock |
| A branch of an axon from a single neuron | axon collateral |
| The transportation of materials from the neuron cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body | axonal transport |
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