Behavioral Ecology
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| Behavioral Ecology | Study of animal behavior
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| Behavior | Everything an animal does and how it does it (a series of responses to changes in stimuli)
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| Proximate Questions | "How" questions such as what stimuli impact the behavior or the anatomy and physiology behind the action
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| "Does the day length trigger courtship behaviors?" | Proximate Question
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| Ultimate Questions | "Why" questions, how the behavior is adaptive
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| "Why court at this time?" | Ultimate Question
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| Ethology | Study of behavior in nature
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| What is the evolutionary history? | Ultimate question
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| How does it aid survival and reproduction? | Ultimate question
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| Fixed Action Patterns | Instinctual behavior initiated by a sign stimulus and generally carried to completion once initiated
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| Greyleg Goose | Fixed action pattern
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| Three-spined Stickleback | Fixed action pattern- attacks those with red bellies
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| Imprinting | Forming a bond during a critical period
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| Innate Behavior | Essentially constant for a species, strong genetic component
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| Signal | Behavior that elicits a change in another
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| Communication | Transmission, receptions, and response to a signal
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| Kinesis | Simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus
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| Taxis | Automatic, oriented movement toward or away from some stimulus
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| Trout | Positive rheotaxis
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| Learning | Modifying behavior through experience
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| Habituation | Learning to ignore irrelevant stimuli
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| Spatial Learning | Advanced learning with those aware of an environments spacial structure
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| Tinbergen's digger wasps | Use landmarks- location indicators
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| Cognitive Maps | Not only learning landmarks but the relationships between objects to reduce the amount of detail needed to relocate an item
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| Clark's nutcrackers | Cognitive maps
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| Associative Learning | Pairing one one stimulus with another
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| Classical conditioning | Pairing an insignificant stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until a connection is made and it becomes a conditioned stimulus
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| Pavlov's Dogs | Classical conditioning
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| Operant conditioning | Pairing behavior with reward or punishment
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| Skinner's rats | Operant conditioning
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| Tic-Tac-Toe Chickens | Operant conditioning
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| Cognition | Ability to pick up information and process it
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| Cognitive Ethology | Examines connection between an animal's nervous system and it's behavior
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| Optimal foraging strategy | Optimizing nutrition while minimizing obtaining costs
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| Intrasexual Production | Members of one sex selecting males based on trait of the other sex
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| Agnostic behavior | Often reutilized contest/fight for resources
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| Nash's Game Theory | Evaluating strategies where you must consider what strategies others are using
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| Side-blotched Lizards | Game theory
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| Rock-paper-scissors | Game theory
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| Altruism | Acting in a way that benefits others
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| Prairie dog warnings | Altruism
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| Inclusive Fitness | Aiding those closely relating to you so that the genes you share can increase in the populations
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| Kin Selection | Enhancing reproductive success of relatives
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| Reciprocal Altruism | "I'll help you if you help me" in social groups
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| Social Learning | Learning from others
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| Culture | Information transfer via social learning or teaching
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| Mate choice copying | Selecting a mate based on other females preferences
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| Sociobiology | How has human behavior been shaped by natural selection
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| Pavlov | Classical conditioning
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| BF Skinner | Operant conditioning
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| Wilson | Sociobiology
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| Tingergen | Wasps and Sickleback fish
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| Lorenz | Imprinting
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| Sign Stimulus | Trigger fixed-action patterns
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| Receptors | Prairie Vole Monogamy
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| Sexual Behavior | Cooperation, Communication, Diminish ni aggression
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| Balanced polymorphism | Marine Isopods
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