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| Ch. 11 & 12 STUDY NOTES |
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| Atoms= make up everything |
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| Parts of an atom= nucleus (protons & neutrons) |
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| Protons= (+) charge (positive charge) |
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| Neutron= have no charge |
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| Opposites attract= + attracts – vice versa |
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| Electrons= (-) charge (negative charge) |
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| Mass of electron= is smaller than the mass of protons or neutrons |
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| Electron cloud= makes up most of the volume of an atom |
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| Electrons, protons, and neutrons= make up the atom (subatomic particles) |
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| Element= is a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means |
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| Pure substance= matter that has the same composition throughout and cannot be separated into its parts by physical means |
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| There are more than 100 different kinds of atoms= (about 90 of the elements are found in nature) |
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| Examples or a natural elements= carbon, oxygen, gold, silver, and iron |
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| Atom= is the smallest unit of an element that has the properties, or characteristics, of that element |
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| Molecule= is a group of two or more atoms held together by very strong chemical bonds |
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| A molecule= can be made up of more than one atom of the same element |
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| Example= molecule in oxygen gas contains two atoms of oxygen |
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| Compound= pure substances made up of two or more different elements that are chemically joined |
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| Elements= are always found in the same portion |
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| Example= table salt has the chemical formula NaCl |
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| This compound= always has exactly one atom of sodium (Na) and one atom of chlorine (Cl) |
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| Elements, compounds, and mixtures= are identified and represented by chemical formulas |
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| Periodic table of elements= presents and organs information about all the elements |
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| Each element= has a box in the periodic table that contains information specific to that element |
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| First letter= always capital in box of elements |
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| Atomic number= identifies the number of protons in the nucleus of one atom of an element |
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| Atomic mass= the weighted average of the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element |
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| The periodic table= is a useful model that can help you understand the properties of elements |
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| Horizontal row= in the table is called a period |
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| Periods are numbered 1-7 |
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| Vertical row= in the table is called a group |
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| Groups are numbered 1-18 |
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| Periods are numbered 1-7 |
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| Metals= more than 75% of the elements in the periodic table are metals |
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| Metal properties= metals are usually shiny, malleable, ductile, and are usually slid at room temperature and good conductors of heat and electricity |
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| Nonmetals= are elements that are not metals |
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| Nonmetal properties= some are gases but the solid ones have these properties, usually dull in appearance, brittle, and poor conductors of heat and electricity |
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| Metalloids= substances that have some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals |
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| Metalloid properties= semi-conductors |
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| Chemical property= characteristic that determines how a substance will interact with other substances during a chemical reaction |
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| Observing chemicals= you cannot observe a chemical property of a substance without changing the substance |
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| Reactivity= describes how likely an element is to react and form bonds with other elements |
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| Ion= is an atom that has a positive or negative charge |
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| Ions form= when atoms gain or lose electrons |
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| Inert=unable to react chemically |
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| Halogens=the most reactive nonmetals |
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| Alkali Metals= the elements in group 1 of the periodic table, they are the most reactive metals |
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| Alkaline-earth metals= the elements in group 2 of the periodic table, they are reactive but are less reactive than alkaline metals |
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| Transition Metals= do not give away electrons as easily as atoms of the groups 1 and 2 metals do, making them less reactive then alkali and alkaline-earth metals |
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| Boron Group= one metalloid and four metals, somewhat reactive |
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| Carbon Group= one nonmetal, two metalloids and two metals reactivity varies amongst the elements |
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| Nitrogen Group= two nonmetals, two metalloids and one metal varies among the elements |
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| Oxygen Group= three nonmetals, one metalloid, and one metal reactive |
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| Halogens= are very reactive nonmetals because of their atoms need to gain only one electron to have a complete outer level |
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| Noble Gases= are unreactive nonmetals |
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| Hydrogen= nonmetal that is reactive |
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