Cataracts, retinal detachment, AMD, glaucoma
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| Cataract | An opacity of the normally clear lens
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| Cataract | Most common cause is aging
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| Cataract | Could be caused by blunt or penetrating trauma
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| Cataract | Etiology could be maternal rubella (congenital)
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| Cataract | Could be caused by use of corticosteroids
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| Cataract | Could be caused by diabetes mellitus (onset at earlier age)
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| Cataract | A gradual decrease in vision occurs (rate varies)
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| Cataract | Symptoms include glare, which gets worse at night
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| Cataract | Manifests by abnormal color perception
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| Cataract | Diagnostic tools include visual acuity measurement, slit lamp microscopy, and opthalmoscopy
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| Cataract | Nonsurgical therapy includes changing Rx of glasses, increased lighting, and lifestyle adjustment
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| Cataract | Surgical therapy includes ambulatory removal, extracapsular extraction with intraocular lens implant
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| Cataract | Pre-op eye drops include Neo-synephrine and Atropine or Cyclogel
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| Cataract | Post-op care includes wearing an eye shield at night, keeping HOB at 30-45 degrees, and prevention of vomiting, sneezing, or coughing
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| Miosis | Constriction of pupil
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| Mydriasis | Dilation of pupil
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| Retinal detachment | A separation of the sensory retina from the underlying pigment epithelium
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| Retinal detachment | Most common cause is a retinal tear
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| Retinal detachment | Symptoms include photopsia, "floaters", "cobwebs", or "hairnet" ring in the field of vision
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| Retinal detachment | If small, may go unnoticed
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| Retinal detachment | Includes painless loss of peripheral or central vision
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| Retinal detachment | Sufferers report a "curtain" over their field of vision
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| Retinal detachment | Usually painless
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| Retinal detachment | Diagnostics usually include visual acuity measurement, opthalmoscopy, slit lamp microscopy, and an ultrasound if the cornea, lens, or vitreous are hazy/opaque
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| Retinal detachment | Treatment option includes cryosurgery, laser surgery, or scleral buckling
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| Retinal detachment | High risk clients include high myopia, aphakia, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and ocular trauma
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| AMD | A retinal degenerative process involving the macula and resulting in varying degrees of central vision loss
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| AMD | "Dry" manifestations include drusen, scotoma, colors appearing less bright, and difficulty adapting to low levels of light
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| AMD | "Wet" manifestations include distorsion of vision or "metamorphopsia"
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| AMD | Central vision is affected
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| AMD | Affects central vision
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| AMD | Treatment options include laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy (a cold laser treatment), and the use of Macugen, an injectable eye medication
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| AMD | Uses the Amsler Grid Test for detection
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| Glaucoma | Increased intraocular pressure
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| Glaucoma | Diagnosis involves measurement of intraocular pressure via tonometry
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| Acute angle glaucoma | Severe pain in and around eye, rainbow of colors around lights, cloudy/blurred vision, nausea/vomiting, and GI/Sinus/Dental symptoms
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| Acute angle glaucoma | IOP of 50 mmHg or greater
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| Chronic (open angle) glaucoma | IOP of 22-32 mmHg
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| Chronic (open angle) glaucoma | Tired feeling in eye, slowly decreasing peripheral vision, halos around lights, progressive loss of visual field
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| Normal IOP | 10-21 mmHg
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| Glaucoma | Miotic eye drops given to facilitate aqueous humor flow
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| Glaucoma | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors given PO to decrease aqueous humor production
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| Glaucoma | Mannitol given to reduce IOP by pulling fluids out of tissue and into vascular system
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| Glaucoma | Timolol given to suppress production of aqueous humor
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| Glaucoma | Surgical therapy includes iridectomy and trabeculectomy
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| Glaucoma | Nursing interventions include promotion of safety during ambulation and providing liquid/low residue diet to prevent straining during defecation
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| Tonometry | Measure of intraocular pressure (IOP)
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| Effect of the SNS on the pupil | Dilation
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| Effect of the PNS on the pupil | Constriction
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| Aphakia | Without a lens
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| Drusen | White, yellowish exudate
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| Scotomas | Patchy blind spots
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