Physical Development in Infancy
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| the cephalocaudal pattern | the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom; also occurs in head area.
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| the proximodistal pattern | the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
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| Shaken Baby Syndrome | brain swelling, hemorrhaging; it affects hundred of babies in the U.S. each year.
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| forebrain | portion furthest away from spinal cord
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| cerebral cortex | covers forebrain; two halves
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| frontal lobes | involved in involuntary movement, thinking, personality, memory, emotion, sustained attention, and intentionality/purpose
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| occipital lobes | vision function
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| temporal lobes | active role in hearing, language processing, and memory
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| parietal lobes | important roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control
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| lateralization | specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other
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| neurons | nerve cells that handle information processing; send electrical and chemical signals to communicate with each other
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| myelin sheath | a layer of fat cells that encases many axons; insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster
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| synapses | tiny gaps between neurons' fibers; chemical interactions within these gaps connect axons and dendrites
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| myelination | the process of encasing axons with fat cells; starts in the prenatal term and continues through adolescence
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| prefrontal cortex | the are of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur
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| Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause; highest cause of infant death in U.S.
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| marasmus | caused by a severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year
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| kwashiorkor | caused by severe protein deficiciency; appears between 1 and 3 years of age; appear well fed even though they are not because the child's abdomen and feet begin to swell with water; vital organs collect nutrients and hold them away from other body parts
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| maturation | the unfolding of a genetic plan through which motor development comes about
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| dynamic systems theory | infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting; infants must see/perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act
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| reflexes | built-in reactions to stimuli; govern movements automatic and beyond control; genetically carried survival mechanisms
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| rooting reflex | occurs when infant's cheeek is stroked or side of mouth is touched
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| sucking relfex | occurs when a newborn automatically sucks an object placed in its mouth
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| Moro reflex |
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| the Babinski reflex | infants fan out their toes and twist their foot inward when the sole of their foot is stroked; disappears after 9 months - 1 year
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| the grasping reflex | occurs when something touches the infant's palms
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| gross motor skills | skills that involve large-muscle activities such as moving one's arms and walking
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| fine motor skills | skils that involve finely tuned movements
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| the palmer grasp | the initial instinct of an infant to grasp with whole hand
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| the pincer grip | the forefinger-to-thumb method of grasping that evolves at the end of the first year
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| sensation | occurs when information reacts with sensory receptors (eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin)
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| perception | the interpretation of what is sensed
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| ecological view | perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment and to increase adaptation
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| affordances | opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities
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| size constancy | the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward/away from it
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| shape constancy | the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes
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| intermodal perception | integrating information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing
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