Cells, tissues, organs, level 4 to 6
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| adapted | When something has certain features to help it do a particular job. When the features of a cell help it do its job, the cell is said to be ‘adapted’ to its job.
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| adipose tissue | type of connective tissue: insulates body, stores energy; cells contain droplet of stored oil which takes up most volume; form ring with nuclei pushed to one side
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| Anabolism | – the building up process, the conversion of ingested substances into the constituents of protoplasm
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| anther | Part of the stamen. It produces pollen grains.
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| areolar tissue | type of connective tissue: helps to hold internal organs together and in proper positions: has a semifluid matrix and contains all types of fibers, forming a loose network
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| body system | Each body system consists of groups of organs related to each other and functions together in the performance of certain functions
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| bone | osseous tissue; contains calcium salts, protect and support other body organs
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| brain | Organ that controls what the body does.
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| breathing system | Takes in oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide from our bodies.
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| cardiac muscle | type of muscle tissue: has striations and branching cells that fit tightly together
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| Cardiac smooth muscle tissue | Makes up the heart and muscle—under involuntary control—allows for heart contractions
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| carpel | Female reproductive organ found in flowers. It is made of a stigma, style and ovary.
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| Catabolism- | the tearing down process, the breakdown of substances, the end products usually being excreted.
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| cell | the unit of structure and function of which all plants and animals are composed.
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| cell division | When a cell splits in two. Cells are made using cell division.
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| Cell membrane | this structure separates the cell from the outside environment and retains internal structure. It regulates what substances enter and leave the cell.
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| Cell Wall | Only in Plants!It is like a “skeleton”. It is made of a non-living material called cellulose.It supports and protects.
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| Centriole | rise to spindles used by migrating chromatids during cell division.
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| chlorophyll | Green substance found inside chloroplasts. Captures sunlight energy and uses it to make carbohydrates (food) for the cell.
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| chloroplast | Green disc containing chlorophyll. Found in plant cells. Where the plant makes food using photosynthesis.
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| Chromatin | Material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information. It directs the functions of a cell.
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| cilia | Small hairs on some cells.
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| ciliated | Having cilia.
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| ciliated epithelial cell | Cell with cilia found in the lungs and filopian tubes.
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| Circulatory | the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
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| circulatory system | Carries oxygen and food around the body.
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| Collagen | fibers allow for great strength(bone or cartilage) and also retain water(skin)
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| Connective | connects, binds and supports body structures. Fat, bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, blood and lymph are examples.
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| coverslip | Thin piece of glass used to hold a specimen in place on a slide.
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| cuboidal or columnar | cells of the base layer of transitional epithelium are usually....
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| Cutaneous membrane | covers the outside of the body—secretes sebum—prevents moisture loss form the skin
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| Cytology. | The study of cells is called Cytology
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| cytoplasm | Jelly inside a cell where the cell’s activities happen.
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| daughter cell | The two new cells made by cell division are called daughter cells.
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| dense fibrous tissue | type of connective tissue: forms strong ropelike structures (tendons, ligaments)
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| Dialysis: | If the transfer of a substance through a membrane is solid is called Dialysis.
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| Digestive | the nourishment of the body
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| digestive system | Breaks down our food.
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| egg cell | The female sex cell in plants.
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| Elastin(elastic fibers): | Allow for extensibility and elasticity(cartilage)
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| embryo | Tiny plant, found inside a seed, with a very small shoot and a very small root.
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| Endocrine | the hormone producing glands
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| endocrine glands | usually called ductless glands, no connection to surface; examples are thyroid, adrenals, pituitary
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Passageways that carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.
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| Epithelial | It forms a shield to protect body. And if forms the body’s surface (skin), the surfaces of the body’s cavities and their contained viscera, glands, and all tubular organs, e.g. ducts and vessels. So Protects, absorbs, filters, secretes
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| Excretory | the organs that eliminate the body’s wastes
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| exocrine glands | include sweat/oil glands, liver, pancreas
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| eyepiece lens | Part of the microscope you look down.
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| fertilisation | Joining of a male sex cell with a female sex cell.
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| fertilised egg cell | What is produced when a male sex cell fuses with an egg cell.
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| filament | Part of the stamen. It supports the anther.
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| flower | Organ system containing reproductive organs – carpel (female), stamen (male).
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| focusing wheel | Wheel on a microscope that moves parts of the microscope to get the image into focus.
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| fruit | Something used to carry seeds. Can be fleshy or dry.
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| Glandular epithelium | Groups of glandular cells Glandular cells produce and secrete/excrete materials of Varying composition Sweat, milk sebum, hormones
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| goblet cells | type of cells which produce a lubricating mucus, found in simple columnar epithelium
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| Golgi body | The cell’s “mailroom”. They receive proteins and package them and distribute them to other parts of the cell or outside.
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| heart | Organ that pumps blood.
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| hemopoietic tissue | type of connective tissue: forms blood, found in bone cavities
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| histology | The study of tissues
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| hyaline cartilage | type of connective tissue: attaches ribs to breastbone and covers ends of bones where they form joints; rubbery and smooth with a somewhat hard matrix: found in larynx/voicebox
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| Ingestion, | digestion, assimilation of nutrients and excretion of residue.
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| Integumentary | the skin and its appendages (hair, nails, and glands)
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| intercalated disks | junctions where cardiac muscle fits together
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| intestine | The small intestine is an organ used to digest and absorb food.
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| kidneys | Organs used to clean the blood and make urine.
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| leaf | Plant organ used to make food using photosynthesis.
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| ligaments | connect bones to bones at joints
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| List the ten body Systems? (Remember CRIME NERDS) | Circulatory-Respiratory-Integumentary-Muscular-Endocrine-Nervous-Excretory-Reproductive-Digestive-Skeletal
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| liver | Organ used to make and destroy substances in our bodies.
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| lungs | Organs used to take oxygen out of the air and put waste carbon dioxide into the air.
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| Lysosome | Small round structures that contain chemicals to break down food & waste.The recycling centers of the cell. They “clean” the cell.
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| magnification | How much bigger a microscope makes something appear.
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| Meiosis; the results, where do they occurs | 4 daughter cells with ½ chromosomes as parent—sex cells (ova/sperm)—requires 2 sets of steps IPMAT*2
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| Metabolism | The sum of all p0hysical and chemical changes that take place within an organism.
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| Mitochondria | Energy suppliers of the cell. They release energy stored in food. Cells that need more energy have more mitochondria eg muscle cells.
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| Mitosis; the results, where do they occurs | 2 daughter cells identical to parent with the same numbers of chromosomes—human body cells (skin, hair, nails)—requires a series of steps called IPMAT
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| Mucous Membrane | Lines cavities open to the exterior of the body. Secretes mucous for moisture, e.g. oral cavity, nasal cavity
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| muscle cell |
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| Muscle: | consists of cells that contract to produce movement due to nervous stimulation/ Cell can change its length and so help us to move.. Muscle tissue is classified according to its location.
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| nerve cell | Cell that carries messages around the body.
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| Nervous | It takes the massage to the brain for feeling of pain and so on. Makes up the nervous system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and all nerves.
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| nervous system | Carries messages around the body.
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| nervous tissue | two major functional characteristics are irritablilty and conductivity
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| neurone | Another name for a nerve cell.
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| Non striated or smooth muscle tissue | Found in the walls of internal organs—under involuntary control—uterus, digestive tract
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| Nuclear membrane | It surrounds & protects the nucleus.
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| Nucleolus | Found inside the nucleus. It makes ribosomes.
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| Nucleus | The control center - directs all of the cell's activities including reproduction. Contains the chromatin.
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| objective lens | Part of the microscope that is closest to what you are looking at.
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| organ | A large part of a plant or animal that does a very important job.
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| organ system | Collection of organs working together to do a very important job.
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| Organelles: | A specialized part of a cell that performs a specific function.
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| Osmosis: | If the transfer of a substance through a membrane is liquid is called Osmosis
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| ovary | Part of the carpel. It contains ovules, each of which contains an egg cell.
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| ovule | Contains egg cells. Is found in the ovary.
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| palisade cell | Cell found in leaves which contains many chloroplasts.
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| peristalsis | a wavelike motion that keeps food moving through intestine
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| photosynthesis | Process that plants use to make their own food. It needs light to work. Carbon dioxide and water are used up. Food and oxygen are produced.
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| pollen grain | The male sex cell in plants.
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| pollen tube | Tube that grows from a pollen grain down through the stigma and style and into the ovary.
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| pollination | Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.
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| Protoplasm | The substance contained within the cell membrane
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| Reproduction- | production of new cells.
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| Reproductive | the organs involved in reproduction
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| reproductive organ | Organ that produces sex cells.
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| Respiration – | the use of oxygen by the cell resulting in a release of energy.
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| Respiratory | the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| Response to stimuli- | adapting to limited changes in their external and internal environment.
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| Reticular fibers | form a very fine meshwork of support for delicate structures such as capillaries
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| Ribosomes | Works as a factory to produce proteins.
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| root | Plant organ used to take water out of the soil.
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| root hair cell | Cell found in roots. It has a large surface area to help the cell absorb water quickly.
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| Rough ER | transports protein synthesized at the ribosome.
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| seed | Contains a plant embryo and a store of food.
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| seed coat | Hard outer covering of a seed.
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| Semi-permeable: | Cell membrane is selective of what it allows in and out.
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| Serous membrane | prevents friction between internal organs. Lines closed body cavities—secretes serous fluid
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| sex cell | A cell used for sexual reproduction.
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| sexual reproduction | Producing new organisms by combining a male and a female sex cell from two different parents.
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| simple columnar | type of epithethial: lines digestive tract
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| simple cuboidal | type of epithelial: found in salivary glands and pancreas: forms walls of kidney tubules; covers surface of ovaries
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| Simple epithelium: | One cell thick-Functions in filtration, diffusion, secretion and absorption-Found in the capillaries, in the air cells in the lungs or in theFiltration capsules in the kidneys.
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| simple squamous | type of epithelium: forms where exchanges occur (air sacs of lungs)
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| Skeletal | Bones
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| skeletal muscle | type of muscle tissue: long, cylindrical, multinucleate, obvious striations: controlled voluntarily
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| skin | Organ used for protection and feeling.
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| slide | Glass sheet that a specimen is put on.
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| Smooth ER | synthesizes complex molecules called steroids in some cells; stores calcium ions in muscle; breaks down toxins in the liver.
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| smooth muscle | type of muscle tissue: no striations visible : only one nucleus and spindle shaped; found in the walls of hollow organs: stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels: contracts the slowest of the muscle types
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| specimen | What you look at down a microscope.
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| stage | Part of the microscope. You put slides on it.
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| stain | Dye used to colour parts of a cell to make them easier to see.
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| stamen | Male reproductive organ found in flowers. It is made of an anther and a filament.
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| stem | Plant organ used to take water to the leaves and to support the leaves.
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| stigma | Part of the carpel. It is where pollen lands.
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| stomach | Organ used to store and break up food.
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| Stratified epithelium | Many cells thick -Resistant to wear and tear due to a ready replacement of cells Found lining the cavities (oral cavity) of the body as well as Covering the body (epidermis)
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| stratified squamous | type of epithelial: found in mouth & esophagus
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| Striated | attached to bone and allows for skeletal movement— under voluntary control—biceps, triceps
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| style | Part of the carpel connecting the stigma to the ovary.
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| Synovial membrane | lubricates joints—Lines joint cavities—secretes Synovial fluid
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| tendons | attach skeletal muscles to bone
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| tendons, ligaments and cartilages are avascular | examples of connective tissue with poor blood supply
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| the four types of body tissues | A) EpithelialB) ConnectiveC) Muscle D) Nervous
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| large intestine | is an organ which removes water from unwanted food.
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| three types of connective tissue fibers found in the skin | A) CollagenB) Elastin(elastic fibers) C)Reticular fibers
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| three types of epithelial tissue | A) Simple epitheliumB) Stratified epitheliumC) Glandular epithelium
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| three types of muscle tissue | A)StriatedB)Non striated or smoothC)Cardiac
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| tissue | A group of the same cells all doing the same job. Tissues together make organs
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| transitional epithelium | type of epithelial: found in bladder, ureters, part of urethra
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| Vacuoles | The storage rooms of the cell.Mostly contain water and food. Very large in plants.
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| functions of cell membrane? | This structure separates the cell from the outside environment and retains internal structure. It also permits exportation and importation of materials. The cell membrane is a semi-permeable in that it is selective of what it allows in and out.
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| What are the main cell structures? | A) Cell membrane b) protoplasm c) nucleus d) organelles
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| What are the three types of cell reproduction | Amitosis-Mitosis-Meiosis
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| What are the two parts of the protoplasm? | a) Cytoplasm-b) Nucleoplasm
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| What are the two processes that involves metabolism? | a) Catabolism-b) Anabolism –
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| What is Diffusion? | Transfer of a substance through a membrane is called diffusion
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| What is Nucleus and what does it contain? | The vital body in the protoplasm, responsible in the growth, metabolism and reproduction of the cell. The nucleus contains the genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA) of the cell.
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| What is the difference between osmosis and dialysis? | Transfer of a substance through a membrane is called diffusion. If it is a liquid it may be called osmosis or if it is a solid it may be called dialysis.
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| What is the division of Labor in higher organisms? | Cell, Tissue, Organ, System and body
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| What is the function of the nervous tissue and do they reproduce? | The function of the nervous tissue is reception and response to stimuli, the functional cells (neurons) do not reproduce therefore injuries to nervous tissue may result in permanent damage
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| xylem tissue | Found in roots, stems and leaves. Transports water up a plant.
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