Earth Science
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| Geology | the study of the earth
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| crust | earth's outer layer of rock
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| granite | the portion of crust underlying the continents
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| basalt | portion of crust under the oceans
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| sediment | deposits sand, rock fragments, sometimes organic matter,usually laid water deposited wind glaciers
down by water sometimes deposited4
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| oxygen | the most abundant element in the earth's crust
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| seismic waves | study of earthquake waves
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| Mohorovicic discontinuity or Moho | boundary separates the crust from the mantle
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| upper mantle | extends from Moho down to about 400 km
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| Transition zone | the zone in between,where the upper mantle merges into the lower mantle
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| plastic rock | with some properties of a solid and some properties of a liquid
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| Gutenberg Discontinuity | boundary between the earth's mantle and the core
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| core | the central part of the earth
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| what does the core consist of? | the inner core and the outer core
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| the outer core seems to be | liquid as a result of the intense heat at that depth;probably consists of molten iron and nickel
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| the inner core seems to be | solid nickel or iron kept in solid state by pressure
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| plate | plate tectonics theory, several rock masses of rock float like rafts plastic rock of upper mantle
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| plate tectonics | theory earth's crust consists huge plates slowly move result convection currents plastic rock upper mantle
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| Pangaea | name given to huge,hypothetical land mass which all the present day continents connected together
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| fault | fracture in rock that occurs when rock breaks under the strain of forces upon it
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| normal fault | type of fault that occurs when rocks along one side of fault sink vertically
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| strike-slip fault | type of fault that occurs when the rocks along one side of a fault move horizontally along fault
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| thrust fault | type of fault that occurs when the rocks on one side of a fault are thrust on top rocks on the other side
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| fold | formed by buckling of rocks
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| syncline | trough-like fold that occurs when rocks bend downward
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| anticline | arch-like fold that occurs when rocks
bend upward
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| volcanic mountains | cone-shaped mountain molten rock erupts from crust
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| domed mountains | formed when molten rock collects beneath
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| folded mountains | two rock layers pushed together
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| fault-block mountains | formed: when 1 side of fault goes up;other side sinks
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| earthquake | trembling/shaking earth's crust
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| tremors | weak earthquake
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| tectonic earthquakes | earthquakes result movements rock beneath surface
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| aftershocks | smaller earthquake follows larger earthquake
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| seismology | study of earthquakes
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| tectonic earthquakes are | result movement rock masses along fault
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| elastic rebound theory | rocks either side fault spring position no strain moment earthquake,
triggering vibration
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| San Andreas Fault | strike-slip fault western California
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| focus | point which earthquake begins
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| epicenter | point earth's surface directly above focus earthquake
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| Primary waves or P waves | waves consist rhythmic push-pull motion direction travel;goes through solids and liquids
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| Secondary waves or S waves | waves consisting rhythmic side side motion right angles direction wave travel
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| Surface waves | waves that travel across earth's surface
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| seismograph | instrument used to record earthquake vibrations
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| seismogram | record produced by seismograph
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| shallow-focus earthquakes | 85% earthquakes depths 8-65 km(5-40 mi) below surface
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| intermediate focus earthquakes | 12% earthquakes depths 65 to 300 km (40-200 mi)
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| deep-focus earthquakes | 3% earthquakes depths more 300 km (200 mi)
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| deepest focus yet recorded for earthquake | 700 km(435 mi)
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| Circum-Pacific Belt | belt bordering the Pacific Ocean along 80% of world's earthquakes occur
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| Richter Scale | scale of earthquake strength in popular use
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| Volcano | opening earth's surface through gases,ash,and molten rock ejected from earth's interior
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| vent | channel gases,ash,and rock are ejected from volcano
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| magma | molten rock beneath earth's surface
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| cone | conical shaped mountain which is formed from the ejected materials
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| crater | bowl-shaped depression which caps the cone
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| volcanology | the study of volcanoes
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| volcanologists | scientists who study volcanoes
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| cinder-cone volcanoes | volcano consists of erupted volcanic ash and cinders(rock fragments)
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| shield volcanoes | gently sloping volcano built from mild eruptions of large quantities of highly fluid lava
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| composite volcano | steep-sided volcanic cone consisting of alternate layers of lava and cinders
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| active volcano | volcano has erupted within past 50 years
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| dormant volcano | volcano which erupted more than 50 years ago and is now inactive
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| extinct volcano | volcano that will not probably erupt again
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| Ring of Fire | narrow zone of active volcanoes bordering Pacific Ocean Basin more 25% world's volcanoes are formed
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| viscosity | syrupiness caused by internal friction
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| ejecta | any substance emitted by an active volcano
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| lava | molten rock that flows from volcanoes
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| types of lava | pahoehoe and a a
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| Pahoehoe lava | lava that hardens to form a smooth or ropy surface
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| aa lava | lava that hardens into rough,jagged rocks with a crumbly texture
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| pyroclasts | particles or blocks of solid volcanic ejecta
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| volcanic ash | pyroclastic particles less than 4 mm in diameter
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| volcanic cinders | ejecta that are larger than volcanic dust particles but less than 32 mm
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| volcanic blocks | solid,irregularly shaped lumps of hardened lava,often large and boulder like in appearance
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| volcanic BOMBS | almond/tear-shaped pyroclast formed when lava thrown high the air liquid state hardens rock hits ground
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| fierce blasts | dangerous part of volcano consisting incandescent ash and superheated gases accompanies eruptions
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| nuee ardente | superheated,incandescent cloud of gas and volcanic ash that travels down volcanic slope as avalanche
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| calderas | bowel-shaped crater least two miles across,formed underground magma chamber collapses
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| lava tunnels | horizontal cave like tube formed surface large lava hardens lava beneath remains molten continues
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| igneous intrusions | mass of igneous rock beneath earth's surface
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| dike | vertical,sheetlike igneous intrusion formed when magma hardens in vertical crack or fissure
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| sill | horizontal,sheetlike igneous intrusion formed magma squeezes horizontal layers of rock solidifies
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| laccolith | domelike igneous intrusion,formed by magma that bulges the overlying rocks upward
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| batholiths | igneous intrusion similar to laccolith but much larger;commonly forms base of great mountain ranges
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| Where is the earth's crust the thickest? | beneath mountain ranges(on the continents)
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| where is it the thinnest? | beneath the oceans
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| What is the largest known volcanic mountain on earth? | Mauna Kea(part of the island Hawaii)
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| What mountain range in South Dakota is an example of domed mountains? | the Black Hills
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| What two U.S. ranges are mentioned in the text as examples of folded mountains? | Appalachians and Rocky
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| what is a tectonic earthquake? | an earthquake that results from sudden movements of rock beneath the earth's surface
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| What is the primary cause of tectonic earthquakes? | the sudden movement of rock masses along a fault(faulting)
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| what does the elastic rebound theory state? | rocks on either side of the fault spring back to a position of little or no strain at the movement of a earthquake producing vibrations in the earth's crust
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| fault scarp | short cliff sometimes produced along fault as result of earthquake
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| slickenslides | a term that refers to smooth-faced fault scarps formed by movement along a fault
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| what major strike-slip fault is in western California | San Andreas fault
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| what are three categories of earthquakes according to the depths at which they originate? must record an earthquake scientists | shallow-focus earthquakes
intermediate-focus earthquakes
deep-focus earthquakes
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| how many seismograph stations record earthquake scientists pinpoint focus and epicenter? | at least three
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| What is the most active earthquake belt in the world and borders the Pacific ocean? | Circum-pacific belt
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| what earthquake zone extends from southern Europe into Asia? | Mediterranean-Trans-Asiatic belt
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| What scale of earthquake strength rates earthquakes by the damage they produce? | Mercalli scale
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| what is a volcano? | opening in the earth's surface through which hot gases,ash,and molten rock ejected earth's interior
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| Which type volcano consists alternating layers lava cinders symmetrical,wide-based volcano | composite volcano
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| which type of broad,gently sloping volcano is formed when large quantities highly fluid lava solidify | shield volcano
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| which type of volcano consists primarily of loose fragments of volcanic rock? | cinder-cone volcano
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| What 2 factors determine violence of volcano's eruption? | viscosity of magma and amount of dissolved gas the magma continues
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| What is ejecta? | any substance emitted by an active volcano
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| Which two U.S. mountain ranges are mentioned in the text as examples of fault-block mountains? | Great Basin and Range Province; Sierra Nevada
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| What is nuee ardente | superheated,incandescent cloud of gas
and volcanic ash that travels swiftly
down volcanic slope as avalanche
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| what is huge bowl-shape crater the ground thought formed by the collapse underground magma chamber? | caldera
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| what is the general term for masses igneous rock form when magma hardens cracks and fissures beneath surface? | igneous intrusions
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| what type of igneous intrusion is formed when magma squeezes into a horizontal fissure and hardens? | sill
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| what type igneous intrusion consists sheet-like mass igneous rock,formed magma squeezes vert. and hardens? | dike
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| what are two types of domelike igneous intrusions? | laccoliths and batholiths
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| what is the second most abundant element in the crust | silicon
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| what is the third most abundant element in the crust? | aluminum
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| where is the Mohorovicic discontinuity(Moho) located? | at the lower boundary of the crust
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| What is an earthquake? | any trembling or shaking of the earth's crust
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| what is the cause of most tectonic earthquakes? | the sudden movement of rock masses along a fault
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| what are pyroclasts | particles or blocks of volcanic ejecta
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| what name superheated incandescent cloud gas volcanic ash travels swiftly volcanic slope avalanche | nuee ardente
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| what huge bowl-shaped crater ground, least 2 miles across,thought collapse empty magma chamber | caldera
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| what is an igneous intrusion | mass of igneous rock(solidified magma) beneath surface
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