141 Lecture Test 3 Notes
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| study of tissues | histology
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| study of cells | cytology
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| group of cells similar in structure and function | tissues
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| name the 4 types of tissues | epithelium, connective, muscle and nerve tissues
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| cell division resulting in germ cells | meiosis
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| spermatozoan and oocyte | gametes
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| gametes are _________? | haploid
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| has half the number of chromosomes or only 1 set | haploid
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| the gamets from which parent do the organelles for the embryo come from? | mother
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| who gives embryo their mitochondrial DNA? | mother
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| cell division for all other cells | mitosis
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| 2 full sets of chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) | diploid
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| fertilized egg "pre-embryonic" stage for 1st 2 weeks | zygote
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| glycoprotein "shell" surrounding the egg (oocyte) | zona pellucida
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| the human embryo must "hatch" from the _________ to implant in the uterus. | zona
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| a solid ball of cells | morula
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| type of cell division that produces spermatozoa or oocytes | meiosis
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| in a blastocyte, the outer most cells GIVE RISE to? | placenta
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| in a blastocyte, the outer most cells are known as? | trophoblasts
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| a glycoprotein "shell" that surrounds the early mammalian embryo is known as? | zona pellucida
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| for the oocyte, the outer glycoprotein "shell" is known as? | zona pellucida
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| a fertilized oocyte is known as the? | zygote
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| a condition in which a cell contains half the number of chromosomes as compared to somatic cells? | haploid
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| type of nuclear division in which the daughter cells have the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell | mitosis
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| once the oocyte is fertilized, what is the predominant form of cell division | mitosis
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| a type of cell division that produces regular diploid cells known as somatic cells? | mitosis
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| the gametes from which parent contributes the mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA | mother
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| for an embryo, the solid ball of cells (approx. 16 cells for humans) is known as? | morula
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| how many cells are in a human embryo at the morula stage? | 16 cells
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| appox. how old is a human embryo when it becomes a solid ball of cells? | 3 days
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| for an embryo, a hollow ball of cells is known as? | blastula
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| approx. how old is a human embryo when it becomes a hollow ball of cells? | 5 days
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| a term that indicates the ability of a cell to give rise to an entire organism | totipotent
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| a term that indicates the ability of a cell to give rise to many structures however, NOT the entire organism | multipotent
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| a condition in which a cell contains 2 full sets of chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad | diploid
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| maternal dietary deficiencies in which compound increases the risk of spina bifida in the baby | folic acid or folate
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| elevated plasma levels of this protein may indicate NTD's | alpha fetoprotein (alpha fetal protein)
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| a term that means tissue death due to loss of blood flow is? | ischemic necrosis
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| a term that means loss of blood flow is? | ischemia
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| a term that means "tissue-death" is? | necrosis
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| a term that indicates a reduction in size | atrophy
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| a term that means an increase in size without an increase in the number of cells | hypertrophy
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| a term that describes an increase in the number of cells (due to increased cell division) | hyperplasia
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| smoking often changes the normal epithelium of the bronchi into which epithelial types | stratified squamous epithelial tissue
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| what is the normal epithelium tissue found in the bronchi? | pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
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| the process by which the epithelium of the bronchi change from the normal pseudostratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous is known as? | metaplasia
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| what type of tissue comprises the epithelium of the vagina after puberty | stratified squamous epithelium
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| what type of tissue comprises the epithelium of the vagina before puberty | simple cuboidal epithelium
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| the process by which the pediatric vaginal epithelium changes from simple cuboidal to stratified squamous epithelium after puberty is called | metaplasia
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| a process by which one adult cell type changes to another adult cell type | metaplasia
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| the development of specialized function in non-specialized cells? | differentiation
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| a structure in which capillaries infiltrate a wound site to replace a clot | granulation tissue
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| the bodys response to cellular and tissue damage in which capillaries are dilated with accompanying swelling | inflammation
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| the replacement of damaged tissue with normal tissue is a process known as? | regeneration
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the anterior pituitary gland | endoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to most of the glands | endoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the lungs | endoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the liver, pancreas, etc? | endoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the lining of the GI tract | endoderm
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| a term that refers to embryonic connective tissue is? | mesenchyme
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to mesenchyme | mesoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the connective tissue | mesoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the gonads | mesoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the cortex of the adrenal gland | mesoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the dermis of the skin | mesoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the bones | mesoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the muscles | mesoderm
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| an anterior neural tube closer defect in which the cerebrum (brain) fails to develop resulting in the skull and the absence of most or all of the cerebral cortex | anencephaly
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| a posterior neural tube closure defect that may cause damage and may be indicated by a tuft of hair growing on the lower lumbar/sacral skin over the spinal cord is known as? | spina bifida occulta
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| a posterior neural tube closure defect in which the dura mater (NOT the spinal cord) is forced out of its normal position often resulting in a very large fluid filled sac on the babys spine | meningocele
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| a posterior neural tube closure defect in which the dura mater as well as the spinal cord are forced out of their normal position resulting in a very large fluid-filled sac on the babys spine is known as | myelomeningocele
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the posterior pituitary gland | ectoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the medulla of the adrenal gland | ectoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the epidermis of the skin | ectoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the sensory tissues | ectoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the central nervous system | ectoderm
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| which of the germ layers gives rise to the brain and spinal cord | ectoderm
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| approx. how old is the human embryo when it implants into the walls of the uterus | 6 days
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| at what stage of the embryonic development is the human embryo when it implants into the uterine wall | blastocyst
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| at what stage of embryonic development do the 3 germ layers develop | embryonic disc
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| in the blastocyst, what does the inner cell mass give rise to | embryo or embryo proper
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| in the blastocyst, the structure that gives rise to the embryo proper is the? | inner cell mass
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| in the blastocyst, what structure gives rise to the placenta | trophoblasts
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| malignant melanoma may be suspected if THESE suddenly change: shape, color or texture | moles
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| a benign vascular proliferation, a rather aggressive form of this disease is often seen with AIDs patients | kaposi sarcoma
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| a cancer originating from melanocytes in moles, this highly metastatic cancer can be lethal if untreated or treated too late | malignant melanoma
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| a type of carcinoma that originates from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum | squamous cell
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| squamous cell carcinoma is especially seen in areas exposed to? | sun-light
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| a type of carcinoma that originates from the stratum basale | basal cell
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| causes venereal warts | human papilloma virus
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| the most frequent skin carcinoma, usually cured with surgery | basal cell
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| basal cell carcinoma is especially seen in areas exposed to _________________? | sunlight
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| these skin growths are caused by viruses and are usually self limiting and regress spontaneously | warts
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| this compound is released by certain cells to cause hives | histamine
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| which type of cells release the compound that causes hives | mast cells
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| another term for hives or wheals | urticaria
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| patchy loss of pigment (loss of melanocytes in affected areas)? | vitiligo
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| common, self limiting viral disease caused by a poxvirus which produces lesions less that 4mm in length | molluscum contagiosum
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| staphlococcal (bacteria) infection especially seen in children.. causing a wet, purulent (with pus) growing scab | impetigo
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| acute inflammatory reaction of the skin caused by allergies, infections, drugs. May have red, oozing, crusted lesions | eczema
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| chronic skin condition caused by increased mitosis, increased keratin and silvery scales that may bleed if scraped off | psoriasis
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| a condition similar to heat exhaustion, however, the pt is unable to sweat allowing body temp to rise to potentially fatal levels | heat stroke
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| a condition that causes weakness, dizziness, headache, reduced bp and sweating due to overheating | heat exhaustion
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| a term that indicates tissue death is? | necrosis
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| necrotic lesions in the dermis caused by blockage of blood flow. seen in bed-ridden pts | decubitus ulcers
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| this type of burn reaches the hypodermis | third degree
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| this type of burn reaches the dermis | second degree
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| another name for thinning of the hair or baldness is? | alopecia
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| what type of burn involves only the epidermis | first degree
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| a condition in which excessive hair growth is observed in areas not usually hairy in women and children | hirsutism
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| smooth muscle that attaches to the hair sheath which causes goose bumps | piloerector
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| dark, course hair found on the scapl, eyelashes, axilla and pubic regions is known as? | terminal
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| a type of very fine hair found on babies and women | vellus
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| a term that indicates the loss of blood flow | ischemia
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| a type of very fine hair found on the fetus | lanugo
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| another name for hair is? | pili or pilus
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| the oil produced by the oil glands of the skin is known as? | sebum
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| the oil glands of the skin are known as? | sebaceous glands
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| glands that produce milk for babies are known as? | mammary glands
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| the wax produced by the wax-producing glands of the external auditory canal is known as? | cerumen
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| the wax-producing glands of the external auditory canal | ceruminous
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| specialized sweat glands in the axillae and groin are known as ________ glands | apocrine
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| pronounced, visible sweating as seen in various diseases is referred to as? | diaphoresis
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| another name for merocrine | eccrine
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| a type of sweat gland that produces a watery sweat for evaporative cooling | merocrine
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| the most numerous glands in the skin are? | merocrine
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| another name for sweat glands is? | sudoriferous
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| which layer contains the subcutaneous fat | hypodermis
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| which layer just deep to the skin | hypodermis
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| found in the dermis and other locations, these receptors are for deep pressure, stretching of the skin and joint movement | ruffini corpuscles
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| which of the following are "touch" receptors usually located deep in the dermis | pacinlan corpuscles
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| which of the following are "light" touch receptors usually located at the epidermal/dermal junction of the skin | merkel cells/discs
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