chapter 4 questions and answers
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| Phrenology got right | different parts of brain control different things
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| EEG | electrical activity inside brain
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| PET scan | injects radioactive glucose in brain, which allows scientists to see what’s going on
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| MRI | no radiation, magnetic and makes cells move and takes a picture
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| Dendrites | big arms, connect to other neurons and receive
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| Axon | road the info travels along
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| Myelin sheath | protects axon and speeds up neuron transfer (has nodes)
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| Myelinazation | finishes in mid 20s and gets slowly stronger
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| How neurons fire | neurons fire all or nothing
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| Acetylcholine | if blocked paralyzes, if too much causes spasms
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| Reuptake | when vesicles take in leftover neurotransmitters
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| Breakdown | little pacman eat chemicals
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| Dopamine | party chemical, stimulates release and blocks or reuptake, used to focus activities (cocaine, adherol)
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| Serotonin | Buddhist monk chemical, helps us to relax and improves mood(SSRIs, Prozak)
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| Spinal cord | carries sensory and motor info messages to body, controls reflexes, if breaks then you’re paralyzed
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| Medulla | in charge of autonomic functions if destroyed you die
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| Pons | while you’re sleeping these are active
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| Reticular formation | RAS reticular activating system, controls levels of alertness, if stops working then coma
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| Cerebellum | little brain, controls balance and movement, gracefulness, possibly focus
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| Thalamus | switch board, takes in senses and tells them where to go, if not working can go blind
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| Hippocampus | does memory, can’t create new memories if destroyed
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| Hypothalamus | internal regulation, regulates appetite, pleasure, and hot &cold
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| Olds and Milner | mice would hit lever for pleasure rather than eat
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| Amygdala | involved in emotions: fear and anger
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| Frontal lobe | reasoning and motor cortex at back planning
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| Parietal lobe | special reasoning in the middle of head, at edge, primary sensory cortex, processes senses
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| Temporal lobe | hearing, by ears
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| Occipital lobe | in back of head, sight
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| Understanding language | at top of temporal lobe called Weirnecke’s area, if destroyed can talk but they don’t make sense
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| Speaking language | in bottom of frontal lobe if destroyed can understand, but can’t speak, Brocas Aphasia
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| Phineas Gage | case showed us frontal lobe importance, hole through lobe, but his personality altered, and couldn’t control emotions, make judgments
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| Corpus callosem | connects brains, if cut they can’t communicate with one another
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| Synapse | entire site axon terminal, cleft, and covering membrane
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| Neurotransmitter | tiny molecules of chemical substances released from vesicles
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| Neurogenesis | production of new neurons from immature stem cells
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| Stem cells | immature cells that renew selves and have potential to be mature cells
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| Plasticity | brain’s ability to adapt in response to experiences
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| Endorphins | chemicals in nervous system involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory
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| Hormones | chemical substances secreted by glands, promote bodily growth, metabolism and digestion
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| Endocrine glands | internal organs that produce hormones and release into bloodstream
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| Melatonin | regulates daily biological rhythms
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| Oxytocin | hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, facilitates ejection of milk during nursing & promotes attachment and trust in relationships
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| Adrenal hormones | involved in emotion and stress
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| Sex hormone | regulates development and functioning of reproductive organs
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| Cerebrum | largest brain structure, in upper part, divided into 2 hemispheres, in charge of sensory, motor and cognitive processes
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