Sociology The Real World Stein Chapter 3
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| access | The process by which an ethnographer gains entry to a field setting.
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| applied research | Research designed to allow the researcher to use what is learned to create some sort of change.
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| basic research | The search for knowledge without any agenda or desire to use that knowledge to effect change.
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| bias | An opinion held by the researcher that might affect the research or analysis.
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| causation | A relationship between variables in which a change in one directly produces a change in the other.
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| closed-ended question | A question asked of a respondent that imposes a limit on the possible responses.
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| code of ethics | Ethical guidelines for researchers to consult as they design a project.
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| comparative and historical methods | Methods that use existing sources to study relationships between elements of society in various regions and time periods.
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| confidentiality | The assurance that no one other than the researcher will know the identity of a respondent.
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| content analysis | A method in which researchers identify and study specific variables—such as words—in a text, image, or media message.
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| control | In an experiment, the process of regulating all factors except for the independent variable.
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| control group | The part of a test group that is allowed to continue without intervention so that it can be compared with the experimental group.
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| correlation | A relationship between variables in which they change together. May or may not be causal.
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| deception | The extent to which the participants in a research project are unaware of the project or its goals.
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| dependent variable | Factor that is changed by the independent variable.
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| double-barreled questions | Questions that attempt to get at multiple issues at once and so tend to receive incomplete answers.
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| ethnography | A naturalistic method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their activities; also the written work that results from the study.
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| existing sources | Any data that have already been collected and are available for future research.
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| experimental group | The part of a test group that receives the experimental treatment.
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| experiments | Formal tests of specific variables and effects, performed in a controlled setting where all aspects of the situation can be controlled.
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| fieldnotes | Detailed notes taken by an ethnographer describing her activities and interactions, which later become the basis of the ethnographic analysis.
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| grounded theory | An inductive method of generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships between categories.
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| Hawthorne effect | A specific example of reactivity, in which the desired effect is the result not of the independent variable, but of the research itself.
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| hypothesis | A theoretical statement explaining the relationship between two or more phenomena.
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| independent variable | Factor that is predicted to cause change.
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| informed consent | A safeguard through which the researcher makes sure that respondents are freely participating and understand the nature of the research.
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| institutional review board | A group of scholars within a university who meet regularly to review and approve the research proposals of their colleagues and make recommendations for how to protect human subjects.
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| intervening variable | A third variable, sometimes overlooked, that explains the relationship between two other variables.
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| interviews | Face-to-face, information-seeking conversation, sometimes defined as a conversation with a purpose.
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| leading questions | Questions that predispose a respondent to answer in a certain way.
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| Likert scale | A way of organizing categories on a survey question so that the respondent can choose an answer along a continuum.
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| literature review | A thorough search through previously published studies relevant to a particular topic.
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| negative questions | Survey questions that ask respondents what they don't think instead of what they do.
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| objectivity | Impartiality, the ability to allow the facts to speak for themselves.
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| open-ended question | A question asked of a respondent that allows the answer to take whatever form the respondent chooses.
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| operational definition | A clear and precise definition of a variable that facilitates its measurement.
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| paradigm shift | The term used to describe a change in basic assumptions of a particular scientific discipline.
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| participant observation | A methodology associated with ethnography whereby the researcher both observes and becomes a member in a social setting.
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| pilot study | A small study carried out to test the feasibility of a larger one.
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| probability sampling | Any sampling scheme in which the probability of selecting any given unit is known.
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| qualitative | A type of data that can't be converted into numbers, usually because they relate to meaning.
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| quantitative | A type of data that can be converted into numbers, usually for statistical comparison.
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| rapport | A positive relationship often characterized by mutual trust or sympathy.
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| reactivity | The tendency of people and events to react to the process of being studied.
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| reflexivity | How the identity and activities of the researcher influence what is going on in the field setting.
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| reliability | The consistency of a question or measurement tool, the degree to which the same questions will produce similar answers.
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| replicability | Research that can be repeated, and thus verified, by other researchers later.
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| representative sample | A sample taken so that findings from members of the sample group can be generalized to the whole population.
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| representiveness | The degree to which a particular studied group is similar to, or represents, any part of the larger society.
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| respondent | Someone from whom a researcher solicits information.
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| response rate | The number or percentage of surveys completed by respondents and returned to researchers.
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| sample | The part of the population that will actually be studied.
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| scientific method | A procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasizes collecting concrete data through observation and experiment.
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| simple random sample | A particular type of probability sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
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| spurious correlation | The appearance of causation produced by an intervening variable.
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| survey | A method based on questionnaires that are administered to a sample of respondents selected from a target population.
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| target population | The entire group about which a researcher would like to be able to generalize.
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| validity | The accuracy of a question or measurement tool; the degree to which a researcher is measuring what he thinks he is measuring.
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| value-free sociology | An ideal whereby researchers identify facts without allowing their own personal beliefs or biases to interfere.
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| variables | One of two or more phenomena that a researcher believes are related and hopes to prove are related through research.
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| weighting | Techniques for manipulating the sampling procedure so that the sample more closely resembles the larger population.
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| study time and grades | What are the variables in the following statement, “Studying affects one’s grades?”
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| survey | Customer comment cards people fill out in some restaurants are an example of a/an:
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| hypothesis | The following statement, “Studying affects one’s grades,” would be an example of a:
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| the experimental group | Who would be asked to watch television in an experiment where a sociologist is testing whether or not watching television impacts a student’s grade on an exam?
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| open ended question | The following question, “What do you think about capital punishment?” would be an example of a/an:
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| closed ended question | The following question, “Are you for or against capital punishment?” would be an example of a/an:
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| ethnography | A method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their activities is called:
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| the exam grade | What would the dependent variable be in an experiment where a sociologist is testing whether or not watching television impacts a student’s grade on an exam?
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| the watching of television | What would the independent variable be in an experiment where a sociologist is testing whether or not watching television impacts a student’s grade on an exam?
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| target population | The entire group about which a researcher would like to be able to generalize is a:
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| survey | Which research method is most likely to include the use of the Likert scale?
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| representative sample | A sample taken so that the findings can be generalized to the whole population is called a:
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| quantitative dataT | he specific approval rating of the U.S. president would be an example of:
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| reliability | The consistency of a question or measurement tool is called:
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| qualitative data. | A type of data that is not easily converted into numbers, usually because it relates to meaning, is:
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| personal beliefs and biases. | Value-free sociology attempts to eliminate ______ from research.
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| the hawthorne effect | When study participants act differently when they know they are being observed ; they are said to be exhibiting
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| an institutional review board | Most universities have __________, which monitors the ethics of research projects conducted by its members.
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| They attempt to control for all possible variables except the one under investigation. | What is one of the basic goals for sociologists conducting an experiment?
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| content analysis | A method in which researchers identify and analyze specific texts, images, or media messages is called:
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| True | Ethnographies make it difficult to study groups that are often overlooked by other methods. True/False
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| sample | The individuals that a sociologist interviews as part of a research project would be a part of the:
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